I. Introduction : Statement
of the Appeal........................................................................... 1
II. Arguments
of the Participants and Third Participants...................................................... 6
A. Claims of Error by the United States – Appellant................................................ 6
1. Non-requested
Information from Non-governmental Organizations....... 6
2. Article XX of the
GATT 1994................................................................ 6
B. India, Pakistan and Thailand – Joint Appellees................................................ 12
1. Non-requested
Information from Non-governmental Organizations..... 12
2. Article XX of the
GATT 1994.............................................................. 13
C. Malaysia
- Appellee.......................................................................................... 18
1. Non-requested Information from Non-governmental Organizations..... 18
2. Article XX of the
GATT 1994.............................................................. 18
D. Arguments of Third Participants....................................................................... 20
1. Australia............................................................................................... 20
2. Ecuador................................................................................................ 22
3. European Communities......................................................................... 23
4. Hong
Kong, China................................................................................ 25
5. Nigeria.................................................................................................. 27
III. Procedural Matters
and Rulings..................................................................................... 28
A. Admissibility
of the Briefs by Non-governmental Organizations Appended to the United States
Appellant's Submission........................................................................................................ 28
B. Sufficiency of the Notice of Appeal.................................................................... 31
IV. Issues Raised in This
Appeal........................................................................................ 34
V. Panel Proceedings and
Non-requested Information....................................................... 34
VI. Appraising Section
609 Under Article XX of the GATT 1994...................................... 39
A. The Panel's Findings and Interpretative
Analysis............................................. 39
B. Article XX(g): Provisional Justification of Section 609..................................... 46
1. "Exhaustible
Natural Resources"........................................................... 46
2. "Relating to
the Conservation of [Exhaustible Natural Resources]"...... 51
3. "If Such
Measures are Made Effective in conjunction with
Restrictions on
Domestic Production or Consumption"......................... 54
C. The Introductory Clauses of
Article XX: Characterizing
Section 609 under the Chapeau's Standards 55
1. General
Considerations......................................................................... 55
2. "Unjustifiable
Discrimination".............................................................. 63
3. "Arbitrary
Discrimination".................................................................... 72
VII. Findings and
Conclusions............................................................................................. 76