The United States and thirteen other countries launched negotiations on IPEF, and its four pillars in September 2022. Pillar II, the Supply Chain Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the Agreement), also known as the IPEF Agreement Relating to Supply Chain Resilience, was concluded fast and became effective from 24 February 2024. The Agreement is a first-of-its-kind international agreement stipulating the IPEF Members’ obligations to address modern supply chain challenges by improving resilience and regulating related issues such as labour rights.