The national inspection and health surveillance system for family and business agriculture in Brazil

- By de Aguiar, Joao Batista Teixeira ; Tiussi, Denise Ton ; Martins, Artur Virgilio Simpson ; de Souza, Higor Cordeiro ; Raimundo, C

出處：REVISTA DE GESTAO E SECRETARIADO-GESEC
出版月(日)年：2023
卷(期)，頁碼：10.7769/gesec.v14i4.1940

This work analyzes the National System of Sanitary Inspection and Surveillance -SNIVS, through the set of norms that constitute it, as well as its operationalization as instruments for regulating the activities of production, distribution and consumption of food of agricultural and livestock origin. in Brazil. The objective of this research is to understand the functioning of the National System of Inspection and Sanitary Surveillance - SNIVS, its institutional links and its performance in family and business agriculture in Brazil, in the context of the discussion of land concentration. The method used was document analysis. In the research results, two distinct periods are identified that characterize the actions of the bodies and entities that make up the SNIVS: in a first moment, their actions are favorable to Entrepreneurial Agriculture, in a second moment, the actions of those bodies and entities favor the interests of Agriculture Familiar. The survey also showed that the SNIVS is operating a careful process of institutional and operational harmonization in accordance with the bilateral trade treaties signed with the World Trade Organization - WTO and the World Health Organization - WHO.

Trade Agreements and Sustainability: Exploring the Potential of Global Value Chain (GVC) Obligations

- By James Harrison

日期：2023/6/1
出處：Journal of International Economic Law, Volume 26, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 199–215

This article investigates the potential of global value chain (GVC)-orientated sustainability provisions in regional and bilateral trade agreements (FTAs). Such provisions impose social and environmental obligations directly onto GVCs, as opposed to creating obligations for governments. The theoretical potential of GVC provisions is examined, and the concepts of effectiveness and legitimacy are introduced as values by which to assess them. Four recent sets of provisions are then scrutinized. These are (i) palm oil sustainability standards from the Indonesia–European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Comprehensive Economic Partnerhsip Agreement (CEPA) FTA, (ii) hen welfare standards in the European Union–Mercosur Association Agreement, (iii) a stipulation of a minimum average wage for the automobile industry in the US–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), and (iv) enforcement of collective bargaining and freedom of association directly against factories, also in the USMCA. All of these provisions are found to have significant deficiencies. At the same time, it is argued that three different governance models underpin them, namely (i) third-party certification schemes, (ii) domestic regulations of one of the parties, and (iii) bespoke arrangements created for the FTA in question. The article therefore considers the potential and drawbacks of each governance model in terms of their effectiveness and legitimacy, as well as alternative and complementary commitments including unilateral measures and subject-specific trade agreements.

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