國際投資仲裁判斷不一致的問題,不僅出現在投資之認定方面,亦見於國際投資協定核心義務條款之解釋與適用上。儘管在若干實體問題方面,國際投資仲裁判斷產生相互齟齬之處,不過幸而該等判斷仍反映出在訴諸國際仲裁之案件中,爭端當事方可援引國際投資條約之原則與規定,俾使投資人合法之權利受到保障。由於國際投資協定為數眾多,根據UNCTAD統計,截至去(2017)年年底為止,總數共計3,322項。畢竟各協定內容多樣化且具複雜性,縱有相同與相似條款,在適用於實際爭端個案時,由於案情不同,在認定方面可能有所出入。國際間目前針對此一問題之改革倡議,仍須進一步斟酌。國際投資仲裁判斷不一致之問題,是來自國際仲裁制度本身之缺點,或是涉及國際投資協定實體義務規範條文之問題,抑或爭端個案事實上之差異,尚須予以釐清,以尋求有效的解決之道。
[1] UNCTAD, WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 112 (2013).
[2] UNCTAD, WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 91-92 (2018).
[3] Anna Förstel, Can the EU Proposal to Establish an Investment Court Through TTIP Inform the Establishment of an Appeal Mechanism in ICSID?, U, Penn.J.I.L. (2017), at http://pennjil.com/can-the-e-u-proposal-to-establish-an-investment-court-through-ttip-inform-the-establishment-of-an-appeal-mechanism-in-icsid/.
[4] Article 8.28(1) of the CETA; Article 28(1), sub-section 5 of the EU-Vietnam FTA Investment Chapter.
[5] Article 29(1), sub-section 5 of the EU’s Proposal for TTIP Investment Chapter.
[6] Saipem S.P.A. v Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/07, Award rendered on June 30, 2009, available at http://icsidfiles.worldbank.org/icsid/ICSIDBLOBS/OnlineAwards/C52/DC529_En.pdf.
[7] Id., para. 127.
[8] ICSID Case No ARB/08/2, award rendered on May 17, 2010, available at http://icsidfiles.worldbank.org/icsid/ICSIDBLOBS/OnlineAwards/C264/DC1951_En.pdf.
[9] Id., paras. 113-114. 類似之見解亦見於Ceskoslovenska Obchodní Banka, AS v The Slovak Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/4, Decision on Jurisdiction rendered on May 24, 1999, paras 72-74, available at http://icsidfiles.worldbank.org/icsid/ICSIDBLOBS/OnlineAwards/C160/DC556_En.pdf.
[10] GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft v Ukraine, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/16, Award rendered on March 31, 2011, available at http://icsidfiles.worldbank.org/icsid/ICSIDBLOBS/OnlineAwards/C440/DC3408_En.pdf.
[11] Id., at paras. 160 and 163.
[12] Id., at para. 236.
[13] Award rendered on November 12, 2010, available at https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0342.pdf.
[14] Id., at para. 231.
[15] Id.
[16] White Industries Australia Limited v Republic of India, Final Award rendered on November 30, 2011, available at https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0906.pdf.
[17] Id., at para. 7.6.10.
[18] Id., at para. 7.6.8.
[19] NAFTA, Article 1131(2). NAFTA自由貿易委員會曾對投資章相關條文作成解釋,請參見https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/38790.pdf.
[20] 該項規定撤銷仲裁判斷之事由包括:(1)仲裁庭之組成不當;(2)仲裁庭明顯逾越權限;(3)仲裁人收受賄賂;(4)嚴重背離基本程序規則;(5)仲裁判斷未述明其所依據之理由。
[21] Article 8.28(2) of the CETA.
[22] Article 8.28(2) of the CETA ; Article 28(3), sub-section 5 of the EU-Vietnam FTA Investment Chapter; Article 29(2), sub-section 5 of the EU’s Proposal for TTIP Investment Chapter.
[23] Anita Garnuszek & Aleksandra Orzeł, EU Proposals to Reform the Investor-to-State Dispute Settlement System – A Critical Analysis Of Selected Issues Addressed in the Concept Paper “Investment In TTIP and Beyond – The Path For Reform, 5(2) Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics 54 (2015)..
[24] Id., at 56.
[25] Article 28(6), sub-section 5 of the EU-Vietnam FTA Investment Chapter.
[26] Stephan W. Schill, Reforming Investor-State Dispute Settlement: A (Comparative and International) Constitutional Law Framework, 20(3) J.I.E.L. 655-57 (2017).
[27] ICSID, Backgrounder on the Proposed Amendments to the ICSID Rule, at https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Documents/Amendment_Backgrounder.pdf;ICSID, Proposals for Amendment of the ICSID Rules — Synopsis, at https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Documents/Amendments_Vol_One.pdf.
[28] Stephan W. Schill, The European Commission’s Proposal of an “Investment Court System” for TTIP: Stepping Stone or Stumbling Block for Multilateralizing International Investment Law?, 20(9) ASIL Insights (2016), at https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/20/issue/9/european-commissions-proposal-investment-court-system-ttip-stepping.