Canada
Draft MINUTES
of the Meeting* held on 15
and 17 June 2015
Delegations are invited to
submit factual corrections, if any, on their own statement to the Secretariat (Mrs
Barbara Blanquart: barbara.blanquart@wto.org, or to tprd@wto.org)
no later than 13 July 2015.
Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales
Canada
Projet de compte rendu de la réunion*
tenue les 15 et 17 juin 2015
Les
délégations sont invitées à soumettre leurs éventuelles corrections factuelles
concernant leurs propres déclarations au Secrétariat (Mme Barbara Blanquart: barbara.blanquart@wto.org, ou tprd@wto.org) le 13 juillet au plus tard.
Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales
Canadá
Proyecto de acta de la reunión*
celebrada los días 15 y 17 de junio de 2015
Las
delegaciones pueden enviar a la Secretaría (Sra. Barbara Blanquart: barbara.blanquart@wto.org, o tprd@wto.org) a más tardar el 13 de julio de 2015 las
correcciones fácticas que deseen introducir en sus propias declaraciones.
_______________
Trade Policy Review
Canada
draft Minutes of the Meeting
Chairperson:
H.E. Mr Atanas Atanassov Paparizov
CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON.. 3
2 OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF Canada. 5
3 STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT. 9
4 STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS. 13
5 REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF canada AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS. 49
6 CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON.. 54
Note: Advance written questions
and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided by Canada are
reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/314/Add.1 and will be available online at
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.
1.1. The tenth Trade Policy Review of Canada was held on 15 and 17 June
2015. The Chairperson H.E. Mr Atanas Atanassov Paparizov (Bulgaria)
welcomed the delegation of Canada headed by Honourable Mr Cameron
Mackay, Director General, Trade
Negotiations, Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development; the rest of the delegation, including H.E. Ambassador
Jonathan T. Fried, Permanent Representative of Canada to the WTO; other colleagues from
the Mission in Geneva; and the discussant,
H.E. Ambassador Remigi Winzap (Switzerland).
1.2. The Chairperson recalled the purpose of the Trade Policy Reviews and
the main elements of the procedures for the meeting. The report by Canada was
contained in document WT/TPR/G/314 and that of the WTO Secretariat in
WT/TPR/S/314.
1.3. Canada adopted the alternative time-frame for its TPR. The following
delegations submitted questions one week before the meeting and had been
transmitted to the delegation of Canada: Singapore; Malaysia; Switzerland;
Australia; Chinese Taipei; Brazil; Peru; Mexico; Hong Kong, China; United
States; New Zealand; EU; China; Norway; Japan; Argentina; and El Salvador. The
following delegations submitted written questions after the deadline and had
also been transmitted to the delegation of Canada: Guatemala; Chile; Colombia; the Russian
Federation; Ukraine; Dominican Republic; India; Republic of Korea; Trinidad and
Tobago; Ecuador; Turkey; Indonesia; and Thailand.
1.4. The Canadian economy had recovered well from the financial crisis
with GDP growth averaging 2.4% annually but had been impacted by weaker export
growth and investment during the period 2011-14. While long-relying on its
natural resource wealth, the Canadian economy was diversified with
manufacturing and services also contributing significantly. The energy and
minerals sector had declined the most in the post-crisis period, but had
gradually rebounded and had shown strong growth since 2013.
1.5. In terms of trade, Canada's merchandise imports and exports had
grown steadily during the review period, with import growth rates of 15% on
average, twice as high as export growth rates, of 7% per year. During 2011-13,
exports had been relatively flat due to weak global trade and in particular,
weak energy prices, but had rebounded in 2014. Canadian merchandise export
trade was heavily reliant on one sector, energy products, and one market, the
United States. Despite efforts to diversify trade, Canadian imports and exports
had concentrated further during the review period with its major market which had
contributed to a larger percentage of both import and export trade. Although
having a very service-oriented economy, Canada's services' trade remained
relatively small, about one-fifth the size of its merchandise trade.
1.6. Canada had a relatively open foreign investment policy. Both inward
and outward FDI had exhibited growth during the period, but inward FDI flows
had been modest and had fallen in 2014. Canada had taken steps to reverse this
trend and facilitate FDI in a number of ways during the period by concluding a
number of bilateral investment agreements, removing some telecom investment
restrictions, and promoting its funding programmes to attract investors.
1.7. Au cours de la période d'examen, le
Canada avait poursuivi ses efforts de libéralisation unilatérale des échanges.
L'élimination des droits de douane sur une vaste gamme d'intrants
manufacturiers et de biens d'équipements a été sans aucun doute le point
marquant de ces initiatives. Le Président était convaincu que les Membres ne
manqueraient pas d'encourager le Canada dans la poursuite de ces efforts.
1.8. L'agriculture demeurait un secteur
clé pour l'économie canadienne, en raison notamment de sa contribution à la
richesse nationale et à l'emploi. Le secteur était également d'une grande
importance pour le reste du monde car le Canada était un des principaux acteurs
du commerce international de produits agricoles. Dans ce contexte, le
renouvellement du cadre stratégique agricole "Cultivons l'avenir"
constituait, sans aucun doute, un développement majeur au cours de ces
dernières années. Le secteur faisait cependant l'objet d'un certain nombre de
mesures qui n'avaient pas manqué de susciter les interrogations de plusieurs
Membres. Les questions avaient porté notamment sur: le niveau relativement
élevé de protection tarifaire; le système de gestion de l'offre en vigueur pour
les produits laitiers; et le traitement préférentiel au niveau infrafédéral
dont auraient bénéficié certains produits comme les vins, bières, et liqueurs,
lorsqu'ils étaient d'origine locale.
1.9. Dans le domaine des mesures
sanitaires et phytosanitaires, les Membres n'avaient pas manqué de noter le
processus de réforme du système de réglementation des aliments, processus dans
lequel le Canada s'était engagé depuis quelques années déjà. Certains Membres
avaient exprimé des préoccupations par rapport aux nouvelles exigences en
matière de licences d'importation. Cette réunion pourrait être une bonne
occasion pour permettre au Canada non seulement d'apporter des clarifications
sur cet aspect de la réforme, mais également d'élaborer davantage sur ses
principaux axes ainsi que sur les perspectives.
1.10. Canada was one of the world's leading producers of minerals and
energy products. The sector contributed significantly to GDP, employment, FDI,
services, and capital investments. Developments during the period had included
oil and gas infrastructure projects, including plans to export LNG;
improvements in the regulatory regime; and new laws or provisions on
transparency measures, corporate responsibility, and aboriginal consultation.
1.11. Judging from the number of advance questions received, other areas
of great interest to Members included Canada's intellectual property regime in
which new legislation and regulations had been of significant interest as well
as clarifications on how certain provisions would be implemented and monitored
or enforced. Another area related to contingency measures whereby a number of
questions had been raised on the procedural aspects of investigations, the
significant increase in investigations, and how specific provisions were
implemented in practice.
1.12. The Chairperson was sure that these topics and themes, and many
more, would be touched upon in greater detail at their deliberations on the
first and second day of the meeting.
1.13. The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing Canada a
very successful tenth Trade Policy Review. He looked forward to its active
engagement in this TPR.
1.14. He also noted that a podcast would be made of the meeting which
could be accessed on the Members' website.
2.1. Je suis très heureux de représenter
le Canada à notre dixième Examen des politiques commerciales de l'OMC. Je
remercie chacun d'entre vous d'avoir bien voulu prendre part à cet important
processus.
2.2. Je tiens à remercier l'Ambassadeur
Paparizov d'avoir accepté de présider la séance d'aujourd'hui. Et je suis
particulièrement heureux de la participation de l'Ambassadeur Winzap qui nous
fera l'honneur d'intervenir en tant que commentateur.
2.3. Je remercie aussi d'emblée l'équipe
du Secrétariat de l'OMC d'avoir préparé un rapport du Secrétariat détaillé et
exhaustif.
2.4. À titre de l'un des architectes
initiaux du processus d'EPC, nous sommes profondément convaincus que grâce à celui-ci
tous les Membres de l'OMC peuvent bénéficier d'un système commercial
international transparent, prévisible et fondé sur des règles.
2.5. As both the Secretariat and Government reports point out, since our
2011 review, Canada's economy has capitalized on strong economic fundamentals,
and prudent fiscal policy to recover successfully from the global financial
crisis.
2.6. The Canadian Government's annual "Economic Action Plan"
consistently focuses on balancing the budget, supporting jobs and growth,
developing resources responsibly and supporting families and communities.
2.7. To support the private sector's creation of jobs and prosperity, we
have lowered taxes on businesses, encouraged regulatory efficiency through
harmonization efforts, and cut administrative red tape – especially for small
businesses.
2.8. And the stability of Canada's financial sector continues to receive
international recognition. For the seventh consecutive year, the World Economic
Forum has declared Canada's banking system to be the soundest in the world.
2.9. The results are clear.
2.10. Forbes and Bloomberg have both rated Canada as the best place in the
G20 to do business. Canada has also recently been ranked by the Economic
Intelligence Unit as the best place for doing business among the G7 and G20
countries over the next five years.
2.11. Canada maintains the lowest net debt-to-GDP ratio in the G7, and is
expected to be among the top G7 performers through 2017 with respect to
economic growth.
2.12. Of course, growth only matters if it benefits people, including
through job creation.
2.13. On that front, Canada's economy was the first among G7 nations to
recoup the employment losses recorded during the global recession.
2.14. Nearly 1.3 million net new jobs have been created since July 2009;
almost 86% of those have been full-time jobs.
2.15. WTO Members know that trade and investment play a key role in
Canada's economic success.
2.16. Trade is equivalent to more than 60% of our GDP, over 40,000
Canadian companies export internationally, and one in five Canadian jobs are
directly or indirectly related to trade.
2.17. In that light, Canada knows well the importance of trade and
investment as the twin engines for economic growth. And we know the dangers of
protectionism.
2.18. So we work closely with Canadian businesses to help shape trade and
investment policies that help them prosper.
2.19. Clearly, the private sector is leading tremendous change in the
global economy. Government policies need to keep up. We cannot continue to rely
solely on global trade rules negotiated more than two decades ago.
2.20. Canada's business leaders have called on the Government to open new
markets for goods and services exports, to facilitate trade, to lower supply
chain barriers, to encourage international investment and innovation linkages,
and to resist protectionism.
2.21. The Canadian Government has responded by prioritizing trade and
investment liberalization, most recently through the 2013 Global Markets Action
Plan, Canada's blueprint for creating jobs and economic growth through trade
and investment.
2.22. With respect to trade promotion, the plan focuses Canada's efforts
on key sectors and identifies priority established and emerging markets, with a
goal of expanding the presence of small and medium sized enterprises.
2.23. The plan ensures that Canadian embassies and missions abroad put an
emphasis on economic diplomacy and trade promotion activities.
2.24. And it ensures that Canada's Trade Commissioner Service has its
human and financial resources allocated to where they can maximize assistance
to Canada's international business.
2.25. With respect to trade policy, the Global Markets Action Plan sets
clear priorities and objectives for Canada's trade negotiations.
2.26. In that light, Canada is moving forward on trade and investment
liberalization on three fronts: first, multilaterally; second, bilaterally and
regionally; and third, unilaterally through domestic economic reform.
2.27. On the multilateral front: I mentioned earlier our support for the
TPR process, the transparency pillar of the WTO. On the dispute settlement
pillar – under which Canada is assertive in advancing and defending our rights
and obligations – we agree with Director General Azevêdo's statement, at the
June 1 event celebrating the 20th anniversary of the WTO, that the dispute
settlement system plays a critical role in countering protectionism.
2.28. And, of course, Canada remains dedicated to the negotiations pillar,
under which the GATT and the WTO have had such historical success. Successive
rounds of multilateral trade negotiations, coupled with the accession of major
economies, have cut trade barriers, stimulated international trade, increased
investment flows, built a stronger foundation for global economic growth and
prosperity, and lifted millions out of poverty.
2.29. It is in that light that Canada has been a strong supporter of the
modernization of the global trade rules – which are now decades old - through
the Doha Development Agenda. Despite the long delays in completing the Doha
Round, we were delighted to support a successful outcome at Bali, especially
with respect to the Trade Facilitation Agreement, which we are working hard to
fully implement expeditiously.
2.30. The TFA has tremendous potential to support jobs and growth in the
developing countries that implement it. So as part of our on-going commitments
on Aid for Trade, Canada has already committed close to US$60 million in
funding for trade facilitation, including a US$2 million contribution to the
World Bank Group's Trade Facilitation Support Program. Canada is also
considering further contributions to help developing countries take advantage
of trade facilitation.
2.31. WTO Members can count on Canada to support a pragmatic and
successful outcome at the tenth Ministerial Conference in Nairobi this
December. We agree with the many other Members who have warned that a failure
to succeed in Nairobi will have dire consequences for the WTO's reputation as a
forum to negotiate modern global trade rules.
2.32. In the lead up to Nairobi, Canada is working constructively with
other Members, including as part of the Cairns Group, to move forward with
multilateral trade liberalization. Canada has and will continue to provide more
clarity to the discussions in various groups, such as our recent presentation
to the NAMA group on the effects of various tariff-reducing mechanisms on a
representative sample of Canada's tariff.
2.33. Canada is also strongly committed to the development dimension of
the DDA and the work we will undertake in the lead-up to Nairobi, and will
pursue an outcome that is supportive of and sensitive to the needs of
developing countries.
2.34. Of course, Canada is also a supporter of the WTO's various
plurilateral negotiations - to cut tariffs on information technology products
and environmental goods, and to expand the membership of the Agreement on
Government Procurement. We are also pursuing further services liberalization
through the Trade in Services Agreement negotiations with 24 WTO Members.
2.35. I'm certain everyone in the room today agrees that we need to
improve the credibility of the multilateral system. But we cannot focus on
multilateral trade talks alone.
2.36. To re-energize global growth in trade, we must also pursue bilateral
and regional agreements that open new markets in ways that complement and
enhance the multilateral system.
2.37. To that end, Canada is pursuing ambitious Free Trade Agreements,
Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements and Air Transport
Agreements with partners around the world.
2.38. In short, we are pursuing the most ambitious trade agenda in
Canada's history.
2.39. Since 2006, the Government of Canada has concluded trade agreements
with 38 countries, bringing the total to 43 FTA partners.
2.40. Since 2011, Canada has brought into force new FTAs with Colombia,
Jordan, Panama, Honduras and the Republic of Korea, and we have concluded a
historic Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with the European Union.
Once all these agreements are implemented, more than 80% of Canada's two-way
trade in goods will be covered by FTAs, and Canadian businesses will have
preferential access to over 50% of the world's economy.
2.41. Our ongoing negotiations with other key partners, including our work
to conclude the Trans‑Pacific Partnership negotiations, will further broaden
and deepen our trading relationships in fast-growing Asia-Pacific markets and
around the world.
2.42. Beyond FTAs, Canada has also concluded or brought into force 43
Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements, and concluded new and
expanded Air Transport Agreements covering over 80 partners from around the
globe.
2.43. So we are making good progress on trade and investment negotiations.
2.44. But we are not waiting for trade agreements to require us to
liberalize our economy. We are also undertaking unilateral trade reforms to
make the Canadian economy more competitive and help our businesses to create
jobs and wealth.
2.45. The Secretariat's report points out that Canada is moving decisively
to lower barriers to trade and cut red tape. We have eliminated over 1,800
tariffs on imported machinery, equipment and manufacturing inputs, making
Canada the first tariff-free zone for industrial manufacturers in the G20. In 2013,
an OECD report recognized Canada's unilateral tariff elimination efforts as a
best practice to be emulated by others.
2.46. We are also working to eliminate internal barriers to trade, and to
promote domestic competition in areas such as telecommunications and financial
services, to keep our economy globally competitive.
2.47. We are doing all of this unilaterally, through domestic reforms,
knowing that these measures will strengthen our economy.
2.48. In conclusion, it is clear that in a world where technology and innovation
continue to shrink distances and shape our economies, free trade, open markets
and good governance have never been more critical to each nation's prosperity.
2.49. I am pleased to say that today the Canadian economy is strong and
resilient, in no small part because we are working hard to further open trade
and investment opportunities.
2.50. In doing so, Canada takes its WTO obligations very seriously. And we
believe that our overall compliance with those obligations is among the highest
of WTO Members.
2.51. I recognize that many of you have questions about our policies.
Indeed, we so far have received over 600 written questions, including 67 new
ones late last week. We have responded in writing to all the advance questions
we received from Members by the 18 May deadline, and we aim to respond in
writing tomorrow to the great majority of questions we received after that
deadline.
2.52. After we turn the floor over to Members today, I know you will have
even more questions, some of them critical of Canadian policies and measures.
Canada welcomes this engagement. We will take your recommendations and
suggestions into account, and, though explaining why our policies and measures
are the right choice for Canada, we will strive to improve where possible.
2.53. Merci beaucoup, thank you very much, gracias.
3.1. Monsieur le Directeur général,
laissez-moi vous souhaiter, ainsi qu'à votre délégation, une cordiale bienvenue
à Genève et en Suisse. J'aimerais joindre le Président dans ses remerciements
au Canada et au Secrétariat pour les excellents rapports qui forment une base
solide pour cette revue de la politique commerciale du Canada.
3.2. C'est avec plaisir que j'ai accepté
la fonction de présentateur pour cette revue. Le Canada est un pays
exceptionnel par sa beauté, sa diversité et sa société multiculturelle. C'est
un pays qui a su faire face à de grands défis liés, entre autres, à sa large
superficie (deuxième pays le plus vaste du monde), à ses conditions climatiques
souvent sévères, à son marché intérieur plutôt réduit et à l'existence d'un
seul voisin limitrophe. Le Canada est un pays avec une politique d'immigration
accomplie, un niveau de vie parmi les plus élevés et une distribution des
richesses parmi les plus équilibrées du monde. Comme la Suisse, le Canada fonctionne
selon un système fédéral ce qui a également une influence sur sa politique
économique. Le Canada est un pays qui peut se targuer de sa haute compétitivité
– et je ne pense pas uniquement au hockey sur glace, où le Canada est champion
du monde en titre – non, je fais référence à son économie diversifiée et
résiliente. Le Canada est un exportateur net dans les secteurs agricole et
manufacturier.
3.3. Après cette courte introduction en
français, langue officielle du Canada et de l'OMC, je vais passer à l'autre
langue officielle du Canada, l'anglais.
3.4. Canada is the world's fifth largest agri-food exporter and sixth
largest importer. It is the world's 13th largest merchandise exporter and 11th
largest merchandise importer. Interestingly, even if the services sector is the
largest contributor to Canada's economy, accounting for 70% of GDP during the
period 2011-14, Canada's services trade is relatively small, about one fifth
the size of its merchandise trade. Canada remains a net services importer and
the services trade deficit even slightly increased during the review period.
3.5. During the review period, Canadian exports grew at an impressive
average of 7% per year. Canada's trade performance was marked by steady
increases in imports and exports, both goods and services, with a particular
strong increase in merchandise exports in 2014. This fact has, however, to be
seen against the background that mining and energy collectively account for
approximately one-half of total Canadian merchandise exports, with crude oil
representing approximately 18% of the total.
3.6. Canada, as the Secretariat report highlights, has certain
vulnerabilities with respect to trade, as it is heavily reliant on the United
States as its major market and has a relatively narrow export product base,
mainly energy and mineral products, vehicles and transport equipment. Despite
attempts to diversify exports geographically, the share of exports to the
United States actually increased during the period under review from 74% to 77%
and the share of imports from that partner also increased from 50% to 54%.
3.7. Positive policy choices made by Canada and mentioned in earlier
TPR's have been confirmed. As in the past, Canada maintains a transparent trade
policy regime and is generally not resorting to protectionist measures.
However, and unlike in the previous review-period, Canada continued to make
quite frequent use of anti-dumping and countervailing duty measures during this
review period, as there were 43 initiations of anti-dumping investigations,
with a peak of 17 in 2013, and 21 initiations of countervailing duty
investigations, with a peak of 12 in 2014.
3.8. In respect of its trade policy choices, Canada states clearly in its
Government report, that the World Trade Organization is a cornerstone of
Canada's trade policy agenda, and a key forum for engaging with its trading
partners. Canada reaffirms its commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and
its willingness to contribute to a timely implementation of the Trade
Facilitation Agreement – which is very welcome and should serve on this issue,
in my view, as an example to all delegations represented in this room.
3.9. Canada enhanced its economic and trade policies in the period under
review in particular through further implementation of its Economic Action
Plans, which it started in 2009. Based on the Economic Action Plan 2012, Canada
launched its Global Markets Action Plan (GMAP) to support Canadian companies
and investors abroad in 2013. The GMAP aims, inter alia,
to match the success in market openings through Free Trade Agreements by
supporting Canadian companies to take advantage of these agreements. The 2014
Economic Action Plan focused on balancing the budget, supporting jobs and
growth, developing resources responsibly and supporting families and communities.
3.10. On autonomous liberalization measures undertaken by Canada, I note
the streamlining of its customs tariff. Canada's 2014 tariff schedule is based
on HS 2012 and has at the eight-digit tariff level almost 1000 lines less than
the schedule at the time of the previous review, which was based on HS 2007.
Thousands of HS codes were simplified and MFN-tariffs of 5% or less were
eliminated. The process of tariff simplification adds to previous unilateral
liberalization efforts. Over the last years, Canada reduced MFN duty rates to
zero on more than 1800 tariff lines relating to manufacturing inputs, machinery
and equipment. Canada also eliminated permanently the MFN applied rates of
customs duty on Mobile Offshore Drilling Units, as well as - of direct interest
to consumers - on baby clothes, and certain sports and athletic equipment. Over
two-thirds of Canadian tariff lines have zero-duties.
3.11. By lowering effective protection on a broad range of manufacturing
inputs, machinery and equipment, Canada's policy is aiming at reducing
production costs, improve efficiency and enhance innovation in downstream
manufacturing industries. Canada takes in this respect a different pathway than
other WTO Members – some of which are rather seeking to maintain or even
increase duties, which does not necessarily facilitate the integration of their
domestic companies in global value chains. Personally, I commend Canada for its
bold policy in respect of its duties on industrial products. But Members in
this room may hope that Canada will be doing the same on agricultural tariffs.
3.12. Besides autonomous policy measures, Canada also continued to open
its markets through negotiations of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Since 2011,
five new FTAs have entered into force (Korea, Colombia, Honduras, Jordan and
Panama). Furthermore, a FTA with the EU was completed in mid-2014, but has yet
to enter into force. Canada is also part of the Trans Pacific Partnership
negotiations, as well as of negotiations on sectoral agreements in and outside
the WTO, in particular ITA expansion, the Environmental Goods Agreement and
TiSA, the Trade in Services Agreement.
3.13. In April 2014, the revised GPA came into force for Canada with
substantial changes in Canada's schedule at the sub-federal level. Now, all
provinces and territories and ten federal crown corporations are included.
3.14. During the review period, considerations on intellectual property
(IP) have played an important role both in Canada's domestic legislative
activity as well as in its international trade policy. Since 2011, Canada has
ratified two, and initiated accession to five other important international IP
treaties, and has adopted or introduced a number of significant legislative
changes to its IP regime.
3.15. Canada is also an important actor in trade related development
cooperation. Canada is a strong supporter of Aid for Trade and the Doha
Development Agenda Global Trust Fund as well as the Standards and Trade
Development Facility. Canada also supported the Advisory Centre on WTO Law
(ACWL). Canada contributed US$2.5 million over the last years to help the ACWL
continue its work. Furthermore, Canada has disbursed US$2 million to the World
Bank Group's Trade Facilitation Support Program in 2014.
3.16. Now, let me turn to some features which particularly retained my attention
when preparing for this Trade policy Review and to some questions which I have
in respect of Canada's trade policy.
3.17. I would like to start where the discussant of the ninth review,
Ambassador John Adank from New Zealand, left in 2011. He highlighted two more
general and a number of specific concerns in regard of Canada's trade policy.
3.18. The more general concerns pointed out by Ambassador Adank in 2011
were – and I quote: "longstanding ones from earlier trade policy
reviews", namely the issue of rationalizing Canada's internal market and
the challenges posed by Canada's dualistic agricultural policy.
3.19. In terms of specific concerns, he mentioned, in particular, national
treatment in relation to excise taxes, ongoing requirements for WTO Members in
the investment and services areas, and questions around the
trade-restrictiveness of certain technical regulations and other mandatory
measures.
3.20. Ambassador Adank closed his statement in 2011 with the following
remark: "Accordingly, looking ahead to Canada's tenth trade policy
measures, these are areas where Members will be interested in hearing of
further developments." Indeed, looking at the questions raised by Members,
these areas remain of key interest to Members still today.
3.21. My impression from reading the background material and the questions
of Members is that the more general concerns highlighted in 2011 on progress to
rationalize Canada's internal market and issues posed by Canada's dualistic
agricultural policy remain as relevant as in earlier reviews. They seem both to
have their roots in challenges linked to a federal structure where
responsibility is shared between federal and provincial/territorial
governments. During the review period, the Agreement on Internal Trade, which
governs domestic trade, was amended twice. The changes included revisions to
procurement, labour mobility, and dispute resolution sections. These are
important areas, however, there are more areas on which - from an outside
perspective - one would hope that action by Canada would be taken. There are,
for instance, the excise taxes and duties on alcoholic beverages and tobacco
products which seem inconsistent with WTO national treatment obligations – an
issue which had been mentioned in 2011, already. As discussant, I would like to
raise the question how Canada intends to ensure that national treatment
obligations of the WTO will be fully respected at the sub-Federal level?
3.22. In agriculture, Canada is on the one hand an important exporter in
particular of wheat and barley as well as of red meat, while on the other hand
it has a big dairy industry with a high level of support. As the overall
framework and regulation of the dairy sector has not changed significantly
since the last review, many questions by Members to Canada in this TPR are
directed at this area and Members in the room are keen to hear Canada's answers
to their queries.
3.23. A very important and challenging area for Canada is the mining and
energy sector contributing significantly to employment and tax revenue. During
the review period, there were significant impacts on trade and the economy
mainly due to fluctuations in energy prices. A similar situation may possibly
prevail in times ahead, with the consequence among others that low oil prices
may lead to poor economics for many existing and potential oil sand projects.
How does the Canadian Government see the ability of the industry to cope with
this challenging situation?
3.24. Natural gas is another important sector for Canada, as it is the
world's fourth largest exporter. Today, all exported natural gas goes to the
United States. It may be important for Canada to diversify export markets by
converting gas into liquefied natural gas (LNG). I take from the Secretariat
report that industry proponents are pursuing a variety of LNG export proposals
that are moving through the established regulatory review process. It could be
of interest to Members to hear more on how this regulatory review process
works.
3.25. In respect of trade in services, the Government of Canada is very
active in the WTO and through a number of trade policy tools such as free trade
agreements, including the negotiation of a Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA).
Furthermore, in Canada's Global Markets Action Plan, services sectors are an
important component. Nonetheless, the Canadian services trade as of today is
relatively small. Are there further measures through which the Canadian
Government intends to strengthen the capacities of the Canadian services
sector, particularly its international competitiveness?
3.26. Through the Global Markets Action Plan, Canada has also placed
emphasis on pursuing more foreign investment promotion and protection
agreements where there is potential for economic growth and interest to
Canadian investors. Despite efforts to improve the framework to encourage more
direct investment, FDI inflows remained modest and were outpaced by FDI
outflows. Possibly, investment promotion, even if important, may not be
sufficient. In the reports I have read that Canada's FDI legislation has
remained broadly unchanged during the review period, except for provisions
related to state-owned enterprises and some amendments in the area of
telecommunications. Furthermore, in 2013, the first rejection of a foreign
investment on national security grounds was taken by the Governor in Council.
My question therefore is, whether there are additional measures to investment
promotion which the Canadian Government is envisaging to make Canada more
attractive to foreign direct investment?
3.27. These are my opening remarks as discussant at this tenth Trade
Policy Review of Canada. In summary, the period under review has shown an
entrepreneurial Canada undertaking reforms, improving access to foreign markets
and supporting its economy with the implementation of trade strategies to
produce high quality at lower costs for export markets.
3.28. The future will tell us if these measures are sufficient to overcome
vulnerabilities of Canada with respect to trade, as Canada is heavily reliant
on one trading partner and on a relatively narrow export product base.
3.29. Canada seems to have still potential to improve the functioning of
its internal market in respect of national treatment obligations, its
attractiveness to foreign investment, the strengthening of its services sector
and a broadening of its export product base as well as a diversification of its
export markets.
4 STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS
SINGAPORE
4.1. Singapore and Canada enjoy strong bilateral relations and have
longstanding economic ties. The bilateral trade in goods was S$2.73 billion in
2014 and bilateral trade in services amounted to S$2.3 billion in 2013, an
overall increase of 24.3% from 2012. Our investment relations are robust. As of
2013, the total stock of investment in Singapore from Canada was S$5.17
billion, with over 640 Canadian companies registered in Singapore. This
business presence is reciprocated by existence of numerous Singapore companies
in Canada.
4.2. As like-minded countries that believe in the importance of free
trade, Canada and Singapore have a long history of close cooperation at various
international platforms such as the WTO and APEC. We commend Canada's
constructive role and contributions at these platforms which help build a
strong multilateral trading system. At the regional level, Singapore, Canada
and others are also engaging intensively to conclude negotiations on a high
standard and comprehensive Trans Pacific Partnership agreement, which will
deepen economic integration in the Asia-Pacific and encourage greater trade
liberalisation.
4.3. We congratulate Canada on its overall positive economic performance
since emerging from the global economic crisis. We note from the Secretariat
report that Canada's economy has sustained positive growth of 1.9% to 3% in
recent years. This is indicative of Canada's sound macroeconomic policies and the
success of its Economic Action Plans.
4.4. We note with interest that according to the Secretariat's report,
Canada's import tariff regime remained nearly unchanged since the last review
with average applied tariff for agricultural products staying at 22.5%. While
there has been partial liberalization of foreign investment restrictions for
telecoms companies with a market share of 10% or less, the report also noted
certain investment restrictions remain in place. We encourage Canada to
undertake more unilateral liberalization in the high tariffs relating to
certain agricultural products, and address the remaining investment
restrictions.
4.5. We welcome Canada's commitment in adopting an ambitious trade and
investment strategy that includes expanding markets for its businesses and the
promotion of foreign investment. This will help counter the vulnerabilities on
the heavy reliance on a single major market and a narrow export products base,
which were mentioned in the Secretariat report. Given Canada's strong interest
in trade, we are confident that it would ratify the WTO Trade Facilitation
Agreement soon. We hope to witness the continued evolution of Canada's trade
policies which will further cement its status as an advocate of global free
trade.
4.6. Before I conclude, I would like thank Ambassador Jonathan Fried and
his able team in Geneva for their excellent cooperation and look forward to
continuing the close working relationship. We also thank Canada for their
timely responses to our questions and wish them every success in their tenth
Trade Policy Review.
MALAYSIA
4.7. Malaysia and Canada have a longstanding bilateral economic relation
besides people to people contact with many Malaysian students choosing Canada
as a choice of education destination. In term of investment, as of 2013, almost
80 projects with Canadian participation had been implemented with total
investments of almost US$227 million in Malaysia. These projects had created
some 10,700 job opportunities that contribute towards Malaysia's economic
growth. It is also worth noting that some of Canada's major companies such as
Bombardier, Talisman Energy and Bank of Nova Scotia have their presence in
Malaysia. Similarly, Malaysian investments in Canada are being headed by
leading Malaysian companies such as PETRONAS and Felda Global Ventures Holdings
Berhad. Investment made by PETRONAS in Canada is one of Malaysia's largest
global investment.
4.8. In 2014, total trade between the two countries was US$1.7 billion;
with Malaysia's exports to Canada accounting for US$808 million, while imports
amounted to almost US$920 million.
4.9. Malaysia is also working alongside Canada to improve our regional
economic cooperation through initiatives such as the TPP and as a Dialogue
Partner of ASEAN. The Third ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM)-Canada Consultation
held in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar last year reaffirmed our commitment to implement
the ASEAN-Canada Joint Declaration on Trade and Investment adopted in 2011. As
Chair of ASEAN this year, Malaysia will continue the momentum to ensure its
successful implementation. The ASEAN Economic Minister (AEM) Roadshow to Canada
was also held for the first time last year, providing opportunities to promote
and strengthen trade and investment relations between ASEAN and Canada.
4.10. At the multilateral front, Malaysia appreciates Canada's firm
commitment to a rules-based and transparent trading system. Canada is an active
Member, both in the context of the regular work of the WTO and in the Doha
negotiations. Canada's solid records of notification, submissions in different
Doha negotiating groups and outstanding contribution to Aid for Trade Program
are laudable. Malaysia looks forward to Canada's strong leadership in our
preparation of July's work programme, for a credible package to be shaped for
the WTO Ministerial Conference in December later this year. On this, we
encourage Canada to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement at the
earliest.
4.11. As a fellow member of the Cairns Group, Malaysia notes Canada's
efforts in removing distortions to trade in agriculture. Malaysia commends
Canada for the improvements in the overall orientation of its agriculture
sector with a view to provide greater openness to trade in agriculture.
Notwithstanding this improvement, we have some concerns in particular on
Canada's regulatory controls over its dairy sector and dairy imports and would
appreciate clarification on how Canada intends to reform its dairy domestic
supports.
4.12. Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to thank the
delegation of the Canada for responding to our questions and these are being
examined at the Capital. We will also be submitting additional questions and we
look forward to receiving feedback.
SWITZERLAND
4.13. From the Secretariat's comprehensive report, we note – as some macro
developments – that the Canadian economy has grown steadily over the last few
years and that the unemployment rate has declined significantly since its peak
five years ago. At the same time, the Canadian Government has made deficit
reduction a cornerstone of its economic policy and has succeeded in presenting
a balanced budget for the current fiscal year, in spite of falling prices for
the country's energy exports. We would like to commend Canada on these major
achievements. Meanwhile, geographical diversification of trading partners has
remained to be a challenge, with the U.S. accounting for more than three
quarters of exports.
4.14. Canada is Switzerland's second most important trading partner in the
Americas. Last year, our trade amounted to more than US$5 billion. Strong
economic ties are also reflected in Switzerland being the fifth largest foreign
direct investor in Canada. Swiss affiliates provide jobs to more than 60,000
Canadians. With a double taxation agreement and a free trade agreement in
force, in addition to the WTO legal framework, companies doing business between
our two countries can rely on a solid framework.
4.15. Some of the most noted developments since Canada's last TPR have
been the entry into force of five further preferential trade agreements and, in
particular, the conclusion of a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
(CETA) with the European Union. These efforts should contribute to diversifying
Canada's foreign trade going forward.
4.16. Allow me to highlight a few specific issues.
4.17. Under the Investment Canada Act of 1985, foreign investments above a
certain threshold must be notified to the authorities. Under the CETA, the
review threshold has been raised to Can$1.5 billion for EU companies. As one of
the largest foreign investors in Canada, Switzerland would like to recall the
importance of providing a level playing field among all investors.
4.18. In the context of the CETA, Canada has proposed changes to its WTO
tariff-rate quota for cheese. We are concerned that such quota reallocation
would result in a reduction of market access for other WTO Members, including
imports from Switzerland.
4.19. I would now like to turn to intellectual property that is an area of
high importance to us. With regard to the protection of confidential business
information, Switzerland welcomes the guidelines recently published by the
Canadian Health Ministry, which provide relevant authorities with guidance
regarding the implementation of Bill C-17 amending Canada's Food and Drugs Act.
We also would like to thank Canada for its constructive engagement regarding
concerns we raised about the treatment of confidential business information. We
hope that the principles outlined in the guidelines will ensure the protection
of proprietary confidential business information against unfair commercial use.
4.20. I would like to mention that Switzerland shares the concerns
expressed by others about the interpretation by Canadian courts of conditions
for patentability. The so called "promise doctrine" applied to
inventions in the field of therapeutical or pharmacological applications seems
to create a higher standard for patentability than provided for in Article 27
TRIPS. Moreover, that doctrine seems to be applied inconsistently, thereby
creating uncertainty for companies.
4.21. To conclude, Switzerland would like to commend Canada's high
commitment to the WTO and very valuable engagement for the multilateral trading
system, particularly at this critical stage for the future of WTO and in view
of a post-Bali work programme and a successful MC10 in Nairobi.
AUSTRALIA
4.22. Australia and Canada have a strong trade relationship with bilateral
trade in goods and services valued at $A 5.3 billion in 2014.
4.23. We enjoy a significant and growing investment relationship,
primarily in the resources and manufacturing sectors. Canada was our tenth
largest source of investment in 2014, with Canadian investment in Australia
valued at over $A 35.2 billion. During the same period, Australia's investment
in Canada reached $A 45.4 billion.
4.24. We are pleased to work with Canada across a range of international
bodies, including the WTO and G20 to advance our trade agendas. Australia and
Canada are strong supporters of the multilateral trading system. Australia
particularly appreciates Canada's participation in the Cairns Group. Canada's
contribution to Cairns Group work substantially enhances the Group's capacity
to engage in discussions on agriculture in the WTO.
4.25. We look forward to working closely with Canada implement the Bali
Package and WTO post‑Bali work plan. We congratulate Canada on being the first
WTO Member to notify implementation of the LDC Services Waiver. Implementation
of the Waiver is an important indication of Members' commitment to promoting
LDC participation in trade in services.
4.26. We value our close working relationship in the negotiations on the
Environmental Goods Agreement, Trade in Services Agreement and expansion of the
Information Technology Agreement. We look forward to continued engagement and
leadership by Canada in the lead-up to MC10, particularly in our efforts to
move towards conclusion of the Doha negotiations.
4.27. Australia congratulates Canada on its solid growth in GDP,
employment and trade since Canada's last review and acknowledge Canada's recent
federal budget surplus– against the backdrop of slow global growth and plummeting
oil prices.
4.28. Australia does have some specific reservations about some of
Canada's trade and economic settings. Australia has over a long period
registered its concerns about the measures Canada continues to impose to
restrict access to specific agricultural sectors and in particular those
products it regulates via supply-management policies. Australia retains its
long-held position that reforms to these sectors should be prioritized. Such
reforms would safeguard the long term competitiveness of these industries and
demonstrate Canada's willingness to contribute meaningfully to global trade
liberalization efforts.
4.29. Canada's Non Resident Ownership Policy (NROP) which restricts
foreign ownership or interest in Canadian uranium mines to 49% at the production
stage (while there is no restriction on ownership of projects in the
exploration stage) remains of significant concern to Australia. The NROP has
implications for Australian companies with uranium interests in Canada and we
encourage the removal of this discriminatory policy.
4.30. We note Canada has continued its efforts to grow and diversify its
economy by expanding its range of WTO-consistent bilateral trade and investment
agreements. In 2014 alone Canada concluded FTA negotiations with the European
Union, Republic of Korea, Burkina Faso and Ecuador and signed six signed
bilateral investment treaties (Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, Mali, Serbia and
Cote d'Ivoire). The outcomes of these negotiations are of considerable interest
to many countries, including Australia.
4.31. We value the close working relationship we have with Canada in the
Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations. An ambitious, comprehensive TPP
Agreement that builds on our respective WTO commitments will be a substantial
step towards realising the vision of an inclusive Free Trade Area of the
Asia-Pacific.
4.32. Australia asked Canada many questions on a range of sectors and we
would like to thank Canada for its responses to these questions.
SEPARATE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF TAIWAN, PENGHU, KINMEN AND MATSU
4.33. Considering the importance of Canada's role in world trade and the
global economy, the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and
Matsu is very pleased to see that Canada's economy has been growing steadily
over the review period, and is projected to expand at a healthy rate over the
next few years. It is especially encouraging to note that Canada remains
committed to pursuing an ambitious trade and investment strategy promoting
further liberalization on both a global and a regional basis, and aimed at
strengthening the multilateral trading system.
4.34. Canada has always been an active Member of the WTO, both in terms of
the day-to-day work of the organization and in the on-going Doha Round of
negotiations. The decisions from the 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference provide a
solid basis for making progress in the interests of all Members. The Separate
Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu particularly welcomes
Canada's strong support of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and its commitment
to its timely implementation. Furthermore, we recognize that Canada is the
first Member to make notification concerning preferential treatment to services
and services suppliers of LDC countries. We certainly look forward to working
with Canada in the run-up to a successful tenth WTO Ministerial Meeting.
4.35. Our trading and economic relationship with Canada has for long been
a growing and very fruitful one. The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan,
Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu is currently Canada's 12th largest trading partner
globally and its 5th largest trading partner in Asia, with the value of two-way
trade totalling US$4 billion in 2014. The amount of two-way investments between
the two economies is substantial and could be further increased.
4.36. We believe that there is plenty of potential to generate more trade
and investment opportunities between us by capitalizing on our respective
competitive advantages. We expect our economic cooperation to strengthen even
further in a bilateral, regional and multilateral context in the future.
4.37. On the subject of Canada's trade policies and practices, we have
already submitted a number of questions to Canada on various issues in advance.
I thank Canada for its prompt replies. I would just like to mention one
particular concern of ours today, which is that, during the review period,
Canada has persisted in using anti-dumping and countervailing duty remedies at
an ever-increasing rate, the majority of which are investigations and measures
relating to imports from Asia. As the Secretariat report points out, over the
period Canada initiated 43 anti-dumping investigations; 40 led to the
imposition of preliminary duties and 24 to the imposition of final duties. At
the end of 2014, Canada had a total of 53 anti-dumping measures in force. We hope
Canada will guard against the abusive recourse to trade remedies, work on more
credible rules, and consider adopting a consultative process for resolving the
relevant issues to ensure free and fair trade, for the benefit of all business
operators, the welfare of consumers and the healthy development of global
supply chains.
BRAZIL
4.38. The robustness of Canada's economy was clearly proved in the period
under review, which followed the recent economic and financial crisis. Even
though indicators such as the average GDP growth of 2.4% and an unemployment
rate at 6.9% are not as bright as those displayed before the crisis, they are
still remarkable and illustrate how resilient Canada has been in face of a
challenging external environment.
4.39. Trade remains vital for the health of Canada's economy and
represented 64% of its GDP in 2014. Besides being very active in bilateral
negotiations, as evidenced by the number of FTAs it has concluded, Canada
shares with Brazil a strong commitment to a rules-based multilateral trading
system.
4.40. This spirit is reflected in the country's significantly open trade
regime for industrial goods. More could be done, however, to extend the same
degree of openness to all sectors. In the last decade, the average applied MFN
tariff for non-agricultural products has been consistently reduced, reaching
2.4% in 2014. Conversely, the average tariffs for agricultural goods have
increased in the same time span, standing at the very high point of 22.5%,
almost ten times higher than those charged for non-agricultural products.
4.41. Canada could also look at the number of its non-ad valorem
tariffs and tariff peaks, both having proportionately increased in the last ten
years. It is a matter of transparency in the first case and, again, a matter of
balancing its trade in the second, since most of the peaks apply to
agricultural products.
4.42. Turning to the bilateral trade, the two-way flow between our
countries had significantly increased in 2011, recovering from the slump caused
by the crisis. From that peak to 2014, however, it shrank 24%, going back
roughly to the level of 2010. I am confident we can regain that dynamism by
diversifying our exports. Brazil, for example, exports almost exclusively
minerals, oil and traditional agricultural products. Similarly, our imports
consist basically of fertilizers, minerals, machinery and paper.
4.43. Bilateral Foreign Direct Investment is significant. In 2014, Brazil
received almost US$1 billion from Canada, contributing to the US$9 billion
in the FDI stock from Canada. In the opposite direction, the stock of Brazilian
FDI in Canada reached more than US$17 billion in 2014. That made Brazil the 7th
largest investor in Canada.
4.44. Brazil and Canada have a rich agenda of cooperation that extends
well beyond trade, including a bilateral Strategic Partnership Dialogue, a
Joint Economic and Trade Committee, the Brazil-Canada Consultative Committee on
Agriculture, and the Joint Committee for Cooperation in Science, Technology and
Innovation. Canada is also the third main destination for students
participating in Brazil's Science without Borders, an academic exchange
programme. Since 2011, more than six thousand Brazilians have gone abroad to
study in Canadian universities.
4.45. To conclude, I would like to emphasize that many factors unite Brazil
and Canada, such as the size of our territories, the abundance of our natural
resources and the diversity of our populations. This exercise gives a good
opportunity to assess our relations and make sure that we can strive for even
more fruitful trade and economic relations in the future.
MÉXICO
4.46. Canadá es un importante socio
comercial de México. Es el tercer mercado de exportación de México en el mundo[1] y
su sexto proveedor internacional.[2] A
su vez, en el 2013, México se constituyó como el segundo proveedor comercial de
Canadá en el continente americano.
4.47. Gracias al Tratado de Libre
Comercio de América del Norte, los dos países forman parte de cadenas globales
de valor en múltiples sectores. De hecho, Canadá es el cuarto inversionista
extranjero más importante de México. Estos datos ilustran la estrecha relación
comercial y excelentes lazos de cooperación de larga data que mi país mantiene
con Canadá, los cuales tienen gran potencial de expandirse a partir de las
diferentes negociaciones comerciales en las que ambos países participamos, como
el TPP y el TISA.
4.48. Es alentador ver que, como lo
constata el informe de la Secretaría, la economía canadiense está
experimentando una rápida recuperación económica después de la crisis
financiera con una tasa media anual de crecimiento de 2,4%. Aunque la tasa de
desempleo, situada en aproximadamente el 7%, sigue por arriba de la registrada
antes de 2008.
4.49. Sin duda la economía de Canadá
es un caso de éxito. Es de señalar, sin embargo, que Canadá enfrenta algunos
desafíos para asegurarse un crecimiento sostenido. En su reporte de enero de
2015, el FMI señala que su crecimiento económico podría verse afectado por la
caída sostenida de los precios de petróleo, que ha afectado a la inversión en
su sector energético, y por ciertos riesgos presentes en su mercado
inmobiliario, en el que se percibe cierta sobrevaluación. El FMI también
sugiere acciones para incrementar la productividad de la fuerza laboral con
políticas que aumenten las habilidades laborales acorde a las necesidades del
mercado y alentando la inversión en investigación y desarrollo de las
empresas.
4.50. El informe de la Secretaría de
la OMC enfatiza la poca diversificación de los mercados de exportación de
Canadá. Es de reconocer, sin embargo, los importantes esfuerzos que Canadá
realiza para abrirse a nuevos mercados, incluyendo a través de la negociación
de acuerdos de libre comercio, tanto a nivel bilateral como regional.
4.51. Es igualmente de aplaudir el que
Canadá haya profundizado aún más sus esfuerzos autónomos de liberalización y
simplificación arancelaria, que han situado al arancel aplicado a los productos
no agrícolas en 2,4%. Sin embargo, sigue destacando el hecho de que el sector
agrícola es el más protegido en su economía.
4.52. En efecto, el arancel promedio
NMF aplicado a los productos agrícolas (según la clasificación de la OMC) es de
22,5%, lo que lo convierte en uno de los países más proteccionistas del mundo
en este sector, ubicándolo en el lugar 55 entre los 148 miembros incluidos en
la base de datos del World Tariff Profiles 2014.
4.53. Por otro lado, es de elogiar las
acciones tomadas por el Gobierno canadiense en materia de procedimientos
aduaneros, particularmente en materia de incautación de mercancías y la
aplicación del programa Release Prior to Payment (Levantes antes del Pago), así como
los programas que permiten a los importadores habilitados beneficiarse de
procedimientos en frontera más eficientes Partners in Protection
(PIP), Customs Self-Assesment (CSA), y el Free and
Secure Trade (FAST).
4.54. Como en la mayoría de países de
alto ingreso, el sector de los servicios es el que más contribuye al PIB (con
cerca del 70% entre 2011-2014). En este sector se destaca el buen desempeño que
ha tenido el sector turístico, los servicios ambientales, los servicios prestados
a las empresas y la fortaleza de su sistema financiero, sobre lo cual ha
enfatizado el Sr. MacKay.
4.55. En suma, constatamos que desde
su último examen de políticas comerciales, Canadá ha logrado avances
significativos, y que los mayores esfuerzos que quedan por hacer se refieren
principalmente al sector agrícola.
4.56. No puedo concluir mi
intervención sin mencionar el papel tan activo y constructivo que juega la
delegación de Canadá en Ginebra, encabezada por el Embajador Fried, en todas
las actividades de la OMC. Agradecemos a Canadá las respuestas a las preguntas
formuladas por mi delegación, las cuales analizaremos con detalle, y le
deseamos el mejor de los éxitos en el presente examen.
HONG KONG, CHINA
4.57. The economic and trade relations between Hong Kong, China (HKC) and
Canada are strong and important. We are home to the largest Canadian business
community in Asia. Last year, Canada was our 25th largest trading partner and
we ranked 6th among Canada's export markets. We are pleased to be named, in
Canada's 2013 Global Markets Action Plan, as one of the emerging markets with
the best potential for broad Canadian commercial interests. We look forward to
furthering our bilateral relations.
4.58. At the same time, HKC and Canada are both staunch supporters of the
multilateral trading system, seeing it as the cornerstone of our trade
policies. Together, we are also actively engaged in the negotiations on
plurilateral agreements which can contribute to the system, such as the
Information Technology Agreement and Environmental Goods Agreement. HKC looks
upon Canada as an important partner as we pursue trade liberalization in
various contexts.
4.59. During the review period, Canada has taken further steps to
facilitate trade. A recent example is the introduction, just last month, of a
Regulatory Framework for the Advance Commercial Information programme, which
allows the Canadian Border Service Agency to use more effective risk management
processes and tools to identify health, safety and security threats prior to
the arrival of commercial goods. We appreciate Canada's efforts in improving
its customs clearance procedures, and trust that in pursuing these initiatives
Canada will ensure that they do not create unnecessary barriers to trade.
4.60. We are also pleased to note Canada's commitment to the timely
implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement, and look forward to its
acceptance of the Agreement soon.
4.61. By the beginning of this year, Canada had completed its unilateral
trade liberalization efforts and eliminated the MFN applied rates of customs
duties on machinery and equipment and on industrial manufacturing inputs. This
is further to the tariff simplification process it introduced in 2012, and the
elimination of the MFN applied customs duties on baby clothing and certain sports
and athletic equipment in 2013.
4.62. However, the level of tariff protection for Canada's agricultural
sector is still relatively high. Since 2011, the average applied tariff for
non-agricultural products had declined from 2.5% to 2.4%, but the average applied
tariff for agricultural products stayed at a much higher level of 22.5%. The
rates for certain products were even higher, such as the 238.7% for dairy
products and 47% for animal products. While we appreciate Canada's effort in
reducing subsidies to its agricultural sector, we hope to see lower tariffs as
well.
4.63. Separately, as 96.1% of Canada's tariffs are already ad valorem, we also encourage Canada to apply ad valorem rates to the remaining lines for greater
predictability and transparency.
4.64. On contingency measures, we note with concern the steep increase in
the number of AD investigations initiated between 2012 and 2014, as compared
with the previous three years. Of the 53 definitive AD measures in place at the
end of the last year, some 80% were applied on steel and other metal products,
and most investigations targeted Asian countries. Also, while AD measures last
for seven years on average, one particular measure on potatoes imported from
the United States has been in place for over 30 years. Bearing in mind the
significant trade stifling effects of such actions, we strongly urge Canada to
exercise restraint in initiating AD proceedings and critically examine the need
for continued action.
4.65. We are also aware of statutory provisions that restrict foreign investment.
Under the Investment Canada Act, non-Canadians establishing or acquiring a
Canadian business must submit either a notification or an application for
review. There are also other investment restrictions in sectors such as
fishing, mining, oil sands, air transport, publishing, broadcasting, film
distribution, and telecommunications. While some of these restrictions were
relaxed during the review period, we encourage Canada to consider further
liberalization.
4.66. With the services sector accounting for 70% of its GDP, I think
Canada should have a strong interest in opening up its services markets to
foreign investment. We therefore encourage Canada to also remove the commercial
presence requirement for foreign financial services providers, and allow foreign
insurers to be incorporated provincially.
4.67. Finally, I would like to thank Canada for its response to our
written questions. I would also like to commend Ambassador Fried and his team
for the very constructive role they play in the WTO. I wish Canada a fruitful
Trade Policy Review.
UNITED STATES
4.68. As a neighbour and top trading partner, Canada's trade regime
continues to be of deep interest to the United States. The foundation of our
long-standing relationship is the North American Free Trade Agreement, preceded
by the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Canada is the United States' largest
goods trading partner with U$658 billion in total two-way goods trade during
2014, an increase of nearly 7% since Canada's last TPR in 2011. Services trade
between the United States and Canada has also grown by more than 5% since 2011,
totalling US$93.5 billion in 2014. Bilateral direct investment exceeds
US$600 billion (according to 2013 data) supporting enhanced employment
opportunities in each country. Today, according to the Secretariat report, 77%
of all Canadian exports go to the United States and 54% of Canadian imports
come from the United States.
4.69. The United States' partnership with Canada is critical to both
Governments' national and economic security. Recognizing and building upon the
dynamic economic relationship our two countries share, in 2011, President Obama
and Prime Minister Harper launched the Beyond the Border and Regulatory
Cooperation Council initiatives to deepen our regulatory cooperation efforts to
increase economic competitiveness while enhancing security through secure,
efficient, rapid, and lawful movement of goods and people. Nearly four years
later, our mutual commitment to these shared goals remains and this important
work continues.
4.70. Since Canada's last Trade Policy Review, the United States and
Canada have worked together to advance the multilateral trading system. The
United States values Canada's strong support for multilateral trade
liberalization through pressing for pragmatism in the DDA negotiations. We are
working closely with Canada in the Environmental Goods Agreement negotiations
and believe strongly that one of the best ways we can respond to the
environmental challenges our world faces, is by achieving our shared goal of
global free trade in environmental goods. We welcome Canada's support for the
implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and are appreciative of
Canada's role in the Trade in Services Agreement (or TiSA) negotiations. We
look forward to continuing to work with Canada on these important multilateral
and plurilateral efforts to open markets and to address other important issues
that affect the global trading system.
4.71. Reflecting its deep commitment to trade liberalization, Canada has
played a leading role in regional trade arrangements. Canada was a founding
member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in 1989, and continues to
make valuable contributions to APEC's important work to promote trade and
investment liberalization in the Asia-Pacific region.
4.72. We are now working with Canada in the most ambitious effort yet to
promote regional trade and investment liberalization, the Trans-Pacific
Partnership (or TPP). Canada joined the TPP in October 2012, as did Mexico. The
TPP represents the next step in the evolution of our trading relationship with
our North American partners.
4.73. In TPP, we are seeking to liberalize trade and investment on a
comprehensive basis, and are tackling a broad range of issues with relevance to
the way trade happens in the 21st century. These are ambitious objectives, but
the 12 TPP partners are committed to them, in part because we know an ambitious
agreement is one that will generate the greatest benefits to its members, and
for our citizens. We are committed to a TPP that is fully consistent with our
WTO obligations and contributes to a stronger multilateral system.
4.74. Despite these positive achievements, there are some areas in which
we would encourage the Government of Canada to make further improvements. We
hope this Trade Policy Review will help draw Canada's attention to those areas
where we believe additional reforms would enhance its competitiveness.
4.75. First, the United States commends Canada for the passage of the
Combating Counterfeit Products Act in December 2014. While the new law provides
authority to Canadian customs officials to detain pirated and counterfeit goods
being imported and exported at the border, the United States is disappointed
that the new law does not apply to pirated and counterfeit goods in customs
transit control or customs trans-shipment control in Canada. The United States
urges Canada to provide its customs officials with full ex officio authority to
improve its ability to address the serious problem of pirated and counterfeit
goods entering our highly integrated supply chains.
4.76. Trade in agriculture and agri-food products comprises an important
component of our vibrant and mutually beneficial trading relationship. Reducing
barriers to agricultural imports that distort competition could improve
Canada's productivity to the benefit of consumers not only in North America,
but also worldwide. We encourage Canada to re-examine policies that impose
excessive tariffs and restrict imports of certain agriculture products, such as
dairy products, eggs, and poultry.
4.77. Finally, we are also deeply troubled by recent changes to the
Province of British Columbia's rules for selling wine. As of April 2015, B.C.
allows only B.C. wines to be sold on the shelf in B.C. grocery stores. Barring
imported wines from also being stocked on local grocery store shelves reduces
the competitive opportunities for imported wines. We therefore urge Canada to
ensure that a level playing field is afforded to domestic and imported wines
alike in accordance with Canada's obligations under the WTO.
4.78. As Canada's largest trading partner and bound to it by an
increasingly integrated North American economy, we share a strong common
interest in Canada's continued growth and prosperity. Our bilateral experience
with Canada is compelling evidence that mutual trade liberalization is a
powerful force for economic growth and increased competitiveness. For that
reason, we look forward to working with Canada, and other WTO Members, to
support and strengthen the multilateral trading system.
NEW ZEALAND
4.79. As in Canada's previous review in 2011, we have noted both Canada's
strong economic performance as well as areas outlined in the Secretariat report
where Canada could implement reforms in support of further economic growth.
4.80. New Zealand observes that there is a strong link between Canada's
strong economic performance and international trade. Like other Members, we
welcome Canada's proactive and constructive contribution to the current
post-Bali work programme discussions, as well as the importance it attaches to
the WTO as the foundation for its relationships with its trading partners.
4.81. New Zealand and Canada enjoyed close collaboration across a range of
WTO work streams, including in technical Committees, special sessions and
negotiations towards plurilateral agreements that support the multilateral
system, such as the ITA expansion, GPA, and EGA. New Zealand notes that Canada
chairs the General Council and the Working Party on GATS Rules. New Zealand
appreciates Canada's contribution as a fellow member of the Cairns Group.
Beyond the WTO, we are also currently working very closely in pursuit of
conclusion of the Trans Pacific Partnership negotiation, and the Trade in
Services Agreement.
4.82. However, despite this solid relationship, New Zealand, more broadly,
maintains a number of areas of concern regarding aspects of Canada's trade and
economic policy settings. In particular, these lie in the two areas of
agriculture and liquor trade mark ups.
4.83. New Zealand continues to be concerned about the magnitude and nature
of Canada's export subsidies. Indeed, based on the most recent notifications,
Canada is the largest provider of export subsidies. Given the highly distorting
effects these subsidies, we call on Canada to outline how and when it plans to
curtail these subsidies. Based on our own experience, and that of others, the
removal of export subsidies demonstrates the positive impact such policy
changes can have on a domestic agricultural sector.
4.84. New Zealand welcomes Canada's declining agricultural producer
support estimate, at 11.6% in 2013 versus 17.2% in 2009. However, we note that
this is not consistent across sectors and we would welcome Canadian efforts to
ensure that support to the dairy industry decreases along with other
industries.
4.85. Canada's export subsidies and domestic support are effectively part
of its wider supply management. As the Secretariat report notes, supply
management hinders the competitiveness of the dairy industry and passes the
costs to the consumer, none of which would appear to serve the interests of Canada.
We remain interested in consideration Canada has given to ensure Canada can
take advantage of growing international demand for dairy.
4.86. Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to raise the
emerging issue of variable trade mark ups by provincial liquor boards. New
Zealand wishes to ensure that imported products are given access to the same
sales channels as locally produced products and that any mark ups are applied
in a transparent, non-discriminatory manner.
4.87. New Zealand appreciates Canada's continued commitment to the
multilateral trading system and we welcome the positive steps that Canada has
taken in the four years since the last TPR.
EUROPEAN UNION
4.88. Canada has an open and strong economy which created about 740 000
jobs during the review period. This is a success story. Canada's strategy to
diversify its exports and support the internationalisation of its SMEs will be
of much interest to many of us. Canada's steady increases in imports and
exports, both in goods and services, have contributed to increasing its
participation in the world economy. As noted by the Secretariat, Canada's trade
however remains very dependent on the situation in the United States' market.
4.89. Canada is a strategic partner for the EU. Economic relations between
the EU and Canada are characterized by robust two-way trade and investment
flows. As far as trade in goods is concerned, the EU is Canada's second most
important partner.
4.90. We are going through an exciting period as the EU and Canada
finalized last August 2014 the negotiations of the EU-Canada Comprehensive
Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). We are both preparing the ratification by
our parliaments. Together with other trading partners, the EU and Canada have
supported and promoted economic openness as a normative standard in
international relations and in this Organization. We remain convinced that CETA
will enable further achievements at the multilateral level. As already
underlined by Canada in its report, CETA addresses subjects and sectors not yet
covered by the WTO. In that sense, CETA allows us to apply new rules beyond the
WTO acquis, which is unique. We hope this will over time profit this
organisation too.
4.91. The EU wishes to convey its appreciation for the constructive role
played by Canada in reaching a successful outcome at the WTO's Ninth
Ministerial Conference in Bali and the commitment it expresses in its report to
a timely implementation. The EU would like to acknowledge the role of
Ambassador Jonathan Fried and his team for their tireless efforts in advancing
the work in this organisation.
4.92. The EU has seized the opportunity of the review to present few
written questions to Canada. The EU hopes that some of the questions it raised
will be of interest to most of the Membership. In fact, it may well be that we
were not the only ones to raise the following issues:
·
The ongoing
review of the inter-provinces agreement and the impact on Canada's
implementation of its international commitments;
·
The Investment Canada Act;
·
The perspectives
for the liquor boards;
·
The legislative
measures that Canada intends to take to implement the Trade Facilitation
Agreement.
4.93. The EU very much welcomes that Canada used the alternative timeframe
for its review, which allows all of us to get replies to our written questions
in advance to the meeting and to make the meeting more effective.
CHINA
4.94. The first impression we have is the encouraging fact that Canada has
emerged rapidly from the global economic recession with annual GDP growth at
2.4% in the past four years, and its economy has generally shown strong
resilience to external shocks, with a right focus on boosting growth and job
creation.
4.95. This is attributive to robust actions taken by the Government of
Canada which has timely adopted the effective macroeconomic policies and strong
fiscal and financial fundamentals. The Economic Action Plan has served to
overcome the shortcomings in economic development, and some positive steps have
been further taken to facilitate trade and investment, including the Release
Prior to Payment programme, unilateral tariff reduction programme and the
amendment of Telecommunications Act.
4.96. Nonetheless, Canada is still facing some long-term challenges, such
as aging population, declining energy price, diversifying its export,
encouraging two-way investment. With Canada's Economic Action Plan fully in
operation, we expect Canada to undertake more concrete actions to re-energize
its economy.
4.97. Canada is a trading nation, with a natural endowment of bordering
two great oceans of the Atlantic and the Pacific. International trade is
vitally important to Canada and has been "the life blood of the Canadian
economy", continuously powering its prosperity. While pursuing pro-trade
and pro-investment strategy, Canada has been expanding markets and supporting commercial
success in trade in the past years.
4.98. As we are celebrating WTO's 20th anniversary this year, I think
Canada deserves a special credit, acknowledging the fact that Canada, as an
original GATT Contracting Party and WTO Member, has played an indispensable and
positive role in the creation of both GATT and WTO. This is even true today as
Canada is committed to the multilateral trading system and vigorously pushing
forward the Doha Round. Particularly, Ambassador Jonathan Fried is working hard
with his Geneva team to help finalize the Post-Bali Work Programme. Special
tribute has to be paid to Ambassador Fried for his capacity as the Chair of
General Council last year in breaking the impasse and implementing the Bali
Decisions.
4.99. We notice with gratitude that Canada is the first Member to submit
notifications on the LDC services waiver, and Canada is also pacing up its
domestic ratification process of accepting Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA).
We hope that Canada will join efforts with all Members to contribute to the
success of Nairobi Ministerial and conclude the Doha Round as early as
possible.
4.100. This year marks the 45 years anniversary of establishment of
diplomatic relationship between China and Canada. In the past years, bilateral
economic ties continued to deepen in a rapid and profound manner. China is the
second largest trading partner, as well as a major source of overseas tourists
of Canada. Canada is the second largest destination of China's overseas
investment. According to China's statistics, bilateral trade has increased to
US$55.2 billion in 2014 and is expected to maintain the strong growth this
year. Two-way investment is also flourishing in a range of sectors including
mining, manufacturing, financing, real estate and rental sectors. We believe that
the entry into force of Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement
will further boost the confidence of business community and promote faster
investment flow.
4.101. Having said that, it is worth mentioning that there are still a
number of concerns on certain issues in Canada's trade policies and practices,
including the transparency of foreign investment reviewing process, just and
fair treatment to Chinese investors, use of anti-dumping measures, export
promotion programs, restrictions on high-tech products and preparation of
domestic standards. We urge Canada to take concrete measures to address our
concerns. We appreciate the Canadian delegation for their responses to China's
questions, which we will study carefully.
NORWAY
4.102. Canada is an original Member of the WTO and a strong advocate of the
multilateral trading system. Canada has always been a key player in shaping the
multilateral trading system, and its active and constructive role in the
further development of the WTO is necessary and important as we prepare the
Post Bali Work Programme and the Nairobi ministerial conference. As the
Secretariat states in its report, Canada is committed to free trade and depends
heavily on international trade to sustain the prosperity of the nation and
raise the incomes and living standards of Canadians.
4.103. We welcome Canada's active participation in initiatives such as TiSA
and the ITA. Norway would like to commend Canada on the longstanding
cooperation on the issue of the environmental goods, and in particular, during
the last year in the environmental goods agreement negotiations (EGA).These
negotiations will hopefully add constructively to the multilateral trading
system, given the aim to multilateralize a future agreement. Liberalization of
environmental goods will contribute to the climate challenge. Norway strongly
support more members joining the EGA initiative, and shares the ambition to
finalize the negotiations before the UNFCCCs Convention of the Parties in Paris
December 2015.
4.104. Let me also highlight Canada's active role in the negotiation of the
revised WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) and to which it became
party since its entry into force on 6 April 2014. Now that the revised GPA
has entered into force, Canada is actively involved in its work programmes and
new accessions, and remains committed to the further expansion of the
agreement.
4.105. As others, we note with concern, Canada's widespread use of trade
remedies.
4.106. Mr McKay has stressed Canada's ambitious trade policy agenda with a
view to diversifying Canada's exports. Canada is currently taking part in a
number of plurilateral, regional and bilateral free trade negotiations. This
obviously requires considerable resources being allocated to negotiating
bilateral agreements parallel to/or in lieu of ongoing multilateral
negotiations within the WTO. We are impressed with the capacity of Canadian
authorities to handle all these processes. For Norway (and the other
EFTA-countries) the final negotiated text on the Canada-EU Comprehensive
Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) is of particular interest and we look
forward to the finalization of the legal review.
4.107. A topic where we would have liked to see some more elaboration in
the reports is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, which Canada
joined in 2012. According to the Canadian report, participation in the TPP is a
key pillar of Canada's ambitious pro-trade plan. Participation in the
negotiations strengthens Canada's efforts to broaden and deepen its trading
relationships with Asia-Pacific markets and its traditional partnerships in the
Americas.
4.108. Norway would like to commend Canada's strong commitment to Aid for
Trade and for its support to Trade Facilitation implementation.
4.109. On trade relations between Norway and Canada, let me briefly mention
that the current flow of Norway – Canada trade is concentrated in the energy
and mineral sector. Canada's main imports from Norway are petroleum products,
seafood and machinery. Canada`s main exports are nickel mattes. There is a
potential for expansion of services and investment activities across a diverse
range of industries. Long-term business development will be facilitated by
joint efforts in research and innovation, and eliminating residual barriers to
trade and investments. Equally important is the fact that a large number of
Norwegian companies are established in the Canadian market. They represent the
marine, maritime, chemical, information technology sector, defence industry, as
well as oil and gas industries – and we see a trend towards diversification.
4.110. Let me also add that the Norwegian Pension Fund Global by the end of
2014 had invested an amount close to about US$25 billion in Canada. These
investments include equity investment in more than 250 companies.
JAPAN
4.111. First of all, Japan highly commends Canada's contribution over the
years to the Multilateral Trading System under the WTO. Especially, Japan
appreciates the important roles played by Canada in promoting DDA negotiations
in recent years. Canada has been contributing in the process as an important
Member and as an active proponent of the various negotiation areas. We are
looking forward to working together with Canada for a successful conclusion of
DDA.
4.112. Needless to say, Ambassador Fried, as the Chair of General Council,
took the leadership to push forward DDA negotiations and to overcome the
difficult impasse after Bali. Given the importance of TF Agreement as the first
substantive outcome since the establishment of the WTO, his chairmanship
significantly contributed to maintaining and strengthening the negotiation
function of the WTO.
4.113. On TF Agreement, Japan commends Canada's efforts to complete its
domestic procedures for the acceptance tabling the TFA for the approval by the
Parliament. Japan expects that Canada finalizes its domestic procedures in a
timely manner.
4.114. It is also noteworthy that Canada is the first Member which notified
the commitment on the LDC service waiver.
4.115. In addition to the efforts in the multilateral field, Canada has
been actively participating in the plurilateral negotiations for further trade
liberalization, such as the ITA expansion, EGA, and TiSA. Canada is also one of
the parties committed to the revised GPA which entered into force in April 2014
and has been taking the leadership to coordinate discussion on new rules
associated with the revision of the agreement. Japan commends Canada's
proactive contributions to these plurilateral negotiations in Geneva.
4.116. With respect to the RTAs, Japan emphasizes that these agreements
should be fully compatible with the WTO Agreements. Only in that way, they will
complement and strengthen the multilateral trading system. The report by the
Secretariat mentioned that five new Canadian FTAs entered into force during the
review period. In addition, Canada concluded the negotiations of the Canada-EU
Trade Agreement last September. It also continues TPP negotiations, which
expected to be concluded very soon, as well as bilateral negotiations of RTAs
with various countries including Japan. Japan commends these efforts by Canada
for further trade liberalization.
4.117. Despite these commendable general trade policies, there are some
concerns with respect to specific trade measures, namely, pharmaceutical
patents, export restrictions related to energy sector, and forestry policies.
Now let me touch upon these issues.
4.118. First, pharmaceutical patent applications are often declined in
Canada due to the utility requirement which is more stringent than other
countries. Japan has concern about consistency with this utility requirement
and Article 27 of TRIPS Agreement, if Canada imposes the excessively stringent
requirement only in the sector of pharmaceuticals.
4.119. Second, Japan submitted a question regarding the export restrictions
stipulated in Article 605 of NAFTA, Canada answered that it would
implement them in accordance with the international obligations under NAFTA and
the WTO Agreements. We are very much interested in how Canada ensures the
compatibility with the WTO Agreement in practice. We will submit additional
questions with respect to the concrete procedures to implement them.
4.120. Third, with regard to forestry policies, Canadian federal government
requires permission for export of Canadian logs. In particular, the federal and
provincial governments impose export restrictions on logs produced in British
Colombia, requiring the use or manufacturing in the province as well as surplus
test for export. Furthermore, we have a concern that a fee in lieu of
manufacture imposed in British Colombia would constitute de facto export tax.
And also we have been informed of an export ban on a certain high-quality logs
produced in Canada. Japan would like to know Canada's position on these
measures with respect to the consistency with Article 11 and Paragraph 12 of
Article 24 of GATT.
4.121. Last but not least, I could not conclude my remarks without
mentioning an important contribution made by Canada under the review period. It
is the Ambassador Fried's presentation with deep insight as Discussant of TPR
of Japan two years ago, which was only possible by a real connoisseur of Japan.
I would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Ambassador
Fried for his impressive presentation.
4.122. I hope that our close cooperation will continue in future WTO
activities, and would also like to wish Canada a very fruitful and successful
TPR.
ARGENTINA
4.123. Tras la profunda crisis financiera y
económica internacional que afectó severamente el comercio global en el bienio
2008-2009, el comercio bilateral entre la Argentina y el Canadá ha mostrado
signos muy alentadores de recuperación para ambos países, tanto en el bienio
2010‑2011 como en 2012-2014.
4.124. En relación con esto, y si bien tanto el
Canadá como la Argentina son exportadores netos de productos agropecuarios y
agroalimentarios, las cifras antes referidas indican que -sin lugar a dudas-
podemos realizar acciones tendientes a la reactivación y diversificación del
comercio bilateral. Esto, en virtud del carácter complementario de varios
sectores de nuestras economías.
4.125. En este sentido, mi país celebra los
recientes avances que permitirán ampliar el acceso de la carne bovina argentina
al mercado canadiense y señala, además, su interés que en un futuro próximo se
puedan dar los pasos tendientes a permitir la exportación de carne aviar
argentina a Canadá.
4.126. Asimismo, y con la finalidad de profundizar
nuestras relaciones comerciales en diversas áreas, la Argentina quisiera
manifestar su preocupación por las medidas adoptadas por -o que se encuentran a
consideración de- algunos gobiernos provinciales canadienses en materia de
comercio de vinos y su compatibilidad con la normativa del GATT.
4.127. En el plano multilateral, Canadá y
Argentina son miembros del Grupo Cairns. Destacamos que juntos han venido
trabajando desde hace más de tres décadas a favor de la continuación del
proceso de reforma de la agricultura. A lo largo de todos estos años Canadá ha
efectuado contribuciones relevantes, tanto técnicas como políticas, para la
labor de dicho Grupo.
4.128. En cuanto a las restricciones no arancelarias a la
importación de los productos agropecuarios, quisiéramos recordar que Canadá ha
tomado la iniciativa para abordar, junto con otros países participantes
incluyendo a la Argentina, el problema de los bajos niveles de presencia de
organismos genéticamente modificados autorizados, pero no permitidos en ciertos
mercados de importación (nos referimos aquí a "low level presence" o
LLP). Con la declaración de Vancouver de marzo de 2012 se ha dado el inicio a
un proceso que continuó con una segunda reunión de participantes en Rosario,
Argentina, en septiembre de 2012, y una tercera en Sudáfrica, en septiembre de
2013.
4.129. Al respecto, nos gustaría expresar que
apoyamos los esfuerzos de Canadá para promover un abordaje multilateral a la
regulación de situaciones de bajos niveles de presencia (LLP), que permita
garantizar el libre comercio de productos agroalimentarios ambientalmente
seguros e inocuos, esperando sumar a otros miembros relevantes a esta
Iniciativa.
4.130. Finalizando, y al tiempo de reiterar
nuestro reconocimiento por esta nueva oportunidad de intercambiar elementos de
juicio y consideraciones sobre las políticas y prácticas comerciales de Canadá,
permítanos señalar -una vez más- la relevancia de este ejercicio de
transparencia en todos sus aspectos y desear a las autoridades canadienses la
exitosa conclusión de este décimo examen de su política comercial.
EL SALVADOR
4.131. Del informe de la Secretaría observamos la
fortaleza de la economía canadiense, manteniendo sus indicadores
macroeconómicos estables, logrando salir rápidamente de la crisis gracias a la
creación de políticas macroeconómicas congruentes y a la fortaleza de su
sistema financiero.
4.132. También resaltamos el éxito alcanzado con
la implementación del Plan de Acción sobre los Mercados Mundiales, el cual es
un plan estratégico que incluye objetivos centrados en la firma de nuevos
acuerdos comerciales, reforzar el sistema multilateral, acuerdos de promoción y
protección de la inversión extranjera, abordar los obstáculos al comercio,
entre otros.
4.133. Del informe de la Secretaría, vemos con
preocupación algunos programas para la exportación en el sentido de los
alcances que los mismos tienen en los efectos comerciales.
4.134. En materia arancelaria, observamos que
Canadá ha realizado esfuerzos en simplificar su sistema arancelario a través de
la reducción de líneas arancelarias y la reducción de aranceles aplicados
menores al 5%. No obstante, instamos a Canadá a consolidar las líneas
arancelarias pendientes, y a reducir los picos arancelarios, especialmente en
cuanto a las líneas con aranceles compuestos, los cuales pueden llegar a
superar el nivel consolidado en OMC, tal como se indica en el informe de la
Secretaría.
4.135. En el plano bilateral, El Salvador
estableció relaciones diplomáticas con Canadá en 1961, destacándose el apoyo
brindado a El Salvador en áreas tales como los derechos humanos, la democracia,
el desarrollo socio-económico y la asistencia a los refugiados.
4.136. En cuanto al comercio bilateral, Canadá
ocupó el 10º lugar como destino de nuestras exportaciones. Con respecto a las
importaciones, Canadá ocupa un lugar destacado en el ranking de proveedores de
bienes de El Salvador, totalizando 57 millones de dólares EE.UU. en 2014, lo
cual refleja la importancia comercial de Canadá para la cadena productiva del
país.
4.137. Dicho comercio es bastante complementario,
ya que de conformidad con información del Banco Central de Reserva de El
Salvador, para el período 2012-2014 las exportaciones de El Salvador hacia
Canadá se concentraron en azúcar, café y productos de la confección, mientras
que las exportaciones de Canadá a El Salvador son principalmente de productos
de papel y cartón, grasas y aceites vegetales y animales, medicamentos y
madera.
4.138. La inversión extrajera directa proveniente
de Canadá al cuarto trimestre de 2014 tiene un saldo de 268.51 millones de
dólares EE.UU., siendo nuestro 7º inversor extranjero, concentrado en los
sectores de banca seguros, textiles y servicios de externalización de procesos
empresariales.
4.139. En lo que a relaciones de negociaciones
bilaterales se refiere, estamos en una fase avanzada del proceso de un Tratado
de Libre Comercio, esperando poder concluir en un futuro cercano, congruentes
con los objetivos de la agenda de política comercial, esbozada este día por el
Representante de Canadá. No creo que debo extenderme más allá de lo que aquí
indico dada la formalidad muy cercana que el señor McKay tiene con
Centroamérica.
4.140. En el plano multilateral, tal como lo
recoge el informe de la Secretaría, Canadá es un Miembro activo en los Comités
de la OMC. El Salvador aplaude los esfuerzos de Canadá en el marco de esta
Organización y agradece el apoyo que da a las pequeñas economías, agrupación a
la que El Salvador pertenece. Coincidimos de la importancia de concluir el
presente ciclo de negociaciones a la brevedad, fieles a los mandatos dados por
nuestros Ministros.
4.141. Instamos al Gobierno de Canadá a concluir
con el proceso de ratificación del Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio. Esto
sería un mensaje muy importante para el multilateralismo.
4.142. Como delegación, queremos felicitar la
excelente participación del equipo canadiense ante la OMC, encabezada por el
Embajador Jonathan Fried. Sus contribuciones e impulso han sido constructivos y
pragmáticos.
4.143. Reiterar lo señalado por el Gobierno de la
república, el hecho que Canadá es un importante amigo de El Salvador, que ha demostrado
siempre su solidaridad en los momentos que más hemos necesitado.
4.144. Por último, agradecemos las respuestas
provistas por Canadá formuladas por El Salvador en el marco de este ejercicio.
Las mismas las analizaremos y daremos el seguimiento que estas merecen.
GUATEMALA
4.145. Guatemala y Canadá han mantenido
tradicionalmente una relación estrecha y cordial en una gran diversidad de
temas de su agenda bilateral y regional. En 2012, el Primer Ministro Canadiense
anunció durante la Sexta Cumbre de las Américas, el lanzamiento de la
Iniciativa Canadiense para la Seguridad en Centroamérica (CISCA), un programa
de destinado a fortalecer la seguridad regional en áreas tales como la
capacitación de la policía, la seguridad fronteriza y el diálogo regional.
Adicionalmente, en abril de 2015 durante la VII Cumbre de las Américas, las
autoridades canadienses anunciaron el lanzamiento de programas adicionales
dirigidos a América Latina, varios de los cuales contemplan también a
Guatemala.
4.146. En términos de comercio e inversión,
nuestros países han sostenido históricamente una relación estable y armónica.
Existe sin embargo un gran potencial para un incremento significativo en su
intercambio de bienes y servicios. Guatemala es el segundo socio comercial
principal de Canadá en Centroamérica. La balanza comercial ha mostrado un
avance progresivo en los últimos años y superó los 300 millones de dólares
EE.UU. en 2014. Los principales productos
importados de Canadá consisten en maquinaria, papas, fertilizantes y
aparatos eléctricos. Por su parte, los principales productos exportados a
Canadá consisten en azúcar, textiles, vegetales y frutas. Las inversiones
canadienses en Guatemala constituyen una de sus fuentes principales de
Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) y abarcan una gran variedad de sectores
tales como la minería, agricultura, silvicultura, energía, telecomunicaciones y
servicios financieros. Nuestros países han discutido y negociado por varios
años un Tratado de Libre Comercio y ambos países están abiertos a continuar dichas
negociaciones.
4.147. En relación con el examen de políticas
comerciales que hoy nos concierne, resaltamos la capacidad de la economía
canadiense para resistir a las perturbaciones externas y mantener un
crecimiento, así como la aplicación de una política fiscal prudente ,los
esfuerzos para reequilibrar su déficit en el período 2015-2016 y su constante
participación en el sistema multilateral del comercio. Por otro lado, nos llama
la atención el número de programas de subvenciones e incentivos que brindan asistencia
a sus empresas bajo diferentes formas. Por otro lado, consideramos que será un
reto interesante para Canadá en el futuro, continuar el proceso de
diversificación de su oferta exportable.
4.148. Reconocemos los esfuerzos emprendidos por
Canadá durante el período evaluado en este examen de políticas comerciales.
Agradecemos las respuestas remitidas a las preguntas planteamos y deseamos a la
delegación que hoy los representa, la conclusión exitosa de este ejercicio.
CHILE
4.149. Chile asigna un alto valor a su relación
bilateral con Canadá. En los 74 años de relaciones diplomáticas, los vínculos
se han ido desarrollando sobre la base de valores compartidos en el ámbito
internacional, como los derechos humanos, la libertad, la democracia, el
respeto al derecho internacional, la defensa del multilateralismo.
4.150. De hecho, ambos países se reconocen
mutuamente como países afines "like minded" lo que se traduce en
coincidencias e iniciativas comunes en diversos foros multilaterales. Somos
socios cercanos no solo en Naciones Unidas, sino también en el APEC, la OEA y,
por supuesto, en esta casa.
4.151. Además trabajamos juntos para ampliar las
oportunidades y la integración comercial regional del Pacífico en el contexto
de las negociaciones del Trans Pacific Partnership.
4.152. Nuestra relación bilateral se fundamenta
en dos pilares: el Acuerdo Marco de Asociación Estratégica de 2007 que amplía y
profundiza la colaboración en sectores prioritarios, como el desarrollo
sostenible, la educación y la agricultura, entre otros; y el Tratado de libre Comercio
de 1997. Este acuerdo marcó un hito relevante en la política comercial de
Chile, pues fue el primer tratado comercial suscrito con un país desarrollado.
Después de México, fue el segundo firmado con un miembro del NAFTA.
4.153. El acuerdo inicial no solo abarcó el
comercio de bienes, sino también servicios, inversiones, medio ambiente, y
temas laborales.
4.154. El TLC con Canadá cumplirá en pocas
semanas 18 años desde su entrada en vigencia. En estos años, se ha ido
actualizando y modernizando, como la incorporación de un capítulo de Compras
Públicas, que le permite a las empresas chilenas participar en el mercado
federal de compras gubernamentales canadiense; y la suscripción de un Acuerdo
Modificatorio al TLC que incorpora un capítulo de servicios financieros junto
con una serie de modificaciones a diferentes disciplinas del Acuerdo.
4.155. El proceso de desgravación culminó en 2003
para el 98,7% de los productos chilenos, que ingresan a Canadá sin aranceles.
Desde entonces, el crecimiento promedio anual del intercambio comercial ha sido
de un 13%. En el mismo período, el saldo de la balanza comercial con Canadá fue
superavitario para Chile con una expansión promedio de 13% para las
exportaciones y 14% para las importaciones.
4.156. Canadá es un importante socio de Chile en
inversiones, acumulando un stock de más de 19 mil millones de dólares
EE.UU., y se sitúa como la tercera fuente de inversión, fuertemente concentrada
en el sector minero (33%) y los servicios (9%).
4.157. Con respecto al presente Examen,
observamos que Canadá ha recuperado su impulso económico tras la crisis
financiera, registrando durante el período que cubre este Examen un crecimiento
del PIB medio anual del 2,4%. Nos alegra comprobar que ese éxito se ha logrado
sin mayores alteraciones a su política comercial internacional.
4.158. Muy interesante ha sido conocer que Canadá
aplica desde 2009 una política de responsabilidad social de las empresas del
sector extractivo, y alienta a sus empresas con presencia en el extranjero a
operar conforme a las leyes del estado anfitrión, de manera transparente y
aplicando mejores prácticas acordes a las Directrices de la OCDE.
4.159. Esas son buenas noticias para un país como
Chile que cuenta con fuerte presencia comercial extranjera en su sector
extractivo, y que a su vez se encuentra diseñando una iniciativa similar para
sus empresas.
4.160. Por otra parte, nos preocupa que Canadá
continúe otorgando importantes subvenciones e incentivos a su industria
nacional mediante 755 programas de ayuda, según el informe de la Secretaría,
sumados el ámbito federal, provincial y local.
4.161. Ello resulta particularmente evidente en
los sectores de agricultura y pesca. En el caso de la agricultura, se observan
subsectores protegidos fuertemente, como los lácteos. Aunque, como señala el
informe de la Secretaría, en general la ayuda interna ha disminuido en relación
al período anterior, estimamos que sería valioso que Canadá considerara la
disminución y eventual eliminación de apoyos que podrían distorsionar el
comercio internacional.
4.162. En otros aspectos, nos llama la atención
el aumento y la utilización intensiva de medidas de defensa comercial durante
el período.
4.163. Según el informe de la Secretaría, se
registran 43 investigaciones antidumping y 21 investigaciones en materia
de derechos compensatorios.
4.164. Sería interesante para nosotros conocer
las causas de este aumento.
4.165. Más allá de lo señalado específicamente,
es claro que en esta casa Canadá aporta proactivamente y comparte una visión
común con respecto a la liberalización del comercio internacional, en el marco
multilateral que la OMC representa.
4.166. En esta perspectiva, destacamos que Canadá
es un Miembro que ha contribuido continuamente en la búsqueda de caminos de
entendimiento para la conclusión del Programa de Trabajo Post Bali, con miras a
que la próxima Conferencia Ministerial de Nairobi sea un éxito, y avancemos así
hacia la conclusión de la Ronda de Doha.
COLOMBIA
4.167. Para el período del examen, la economía
canadiense seguía mostrando signos de una sólida recuperación económica. Luego
de una considerable caída del PIB del 2,5% en 2009, su tasa de crecimiento real
fue en promedio del 2,4% entre 2011 y 2014 - nivel alto entre los países
desarrollados. Esto se puede explicar por la pertinente aplicación de políticas
macroeconomías con medidas de estímulo fiscal y monetario, y el contar y
mantener un sólido sector financiero.
4.168. En cuanto al comercio exterior, resalta su
dinamismo presentando un aumento constante tanto en importaciones como en
exportaciones de bienes y servicios. A pesar de esto, la economía canadiense
presenta algunos desafíos, como lo es su alta dependencia del mercado de
Estados Unidos y la concentración de sus exportaciones en pocos productos. Como
se puede observar en el informe de la Secretaría, sus exportaciones de
mercancías a este país, como porcentaje del total, aumentaron del 74 al 77%
entre 2011 y 2014. En ese mismo período, el aumento también se vio en las
importaciones de mercancías, que pasaron del 50 al 54% de las importaciones
totales.
4.169. Por otra parte, continúan algunas medidas
de Canadá que afectan el comercio y distorsionan la competencia en el sector
agrícola principalmente en los productos lácteos, los cereales y la carne. Por
ejemplo, vemos que las importaciones de productos lácteos y avicultura siguen
siendo limitadas a contingentes arancelarios con aranceles extracuota muy
elevados. La producción y el comercio doméstico de estos productos continúa
regulada y los niveles de ayuda destinada siguen siendo altos. Nos preguntamos
si considerarán la posibilidad de realizar reformas inclinadas a una mayor liberalización
en el contexto de su creciente integración a los mercados mundiales.
4.170. Como lo resalta el informe de la
Secretaría, Canadá no cuenta con un marco jurídico general que rija los
incentivos y las subvenciones. Sin embargo, facilita ayudas a nivel federal,
provincial y local que afectan la inversión y el comercio. Las ayudas, como la
asistencia a las empresas en forma de donaciones, garantías de préstamo,
devoluciones y desgravaciones fiscales, y subvenciones para el pago de
salarios, afectan el entorno de la inversión y el comercio.
4.171. En materia de medidas sanitarias y
fitosanitarias, celebramos que los cambios en el sistema de inocuidad de Canadá
hayan surtido el proceso de consultas, conduzcan a la modernización del mismo y
estén de conformidad con las disposiciones de la OMC sobre la materia. Al
respecto, cabe señalar que las autoridades informaron que el Organismo
Canadiense de Inspección de Alimentos (CFIA) colaborará con pequeñas y medianas
empresas para estudiar enfoques que se adapten a sus necesidades operativas y
facilitarles el cumplimiento. Así mismo, cabe destacar que el CFIA implementó
un sistema de importación automatizado para ayudar a los importadores y las
autoridades aduaneras a gestionar las importaciones de productos agropecuarios,
pesqueros, sanitarios y alimentarios.
4.172. Por último, reconocemos el trabajo que
viene desarrollando Canadá en cuanto a negociaciones de acuerdos de libre
comercio y su participación en acuerdos plurilaterales. Desde el último examen,
entraron en vigor cinco FTAs, entre los que se encuentre el de nuestro país. A
enero de 2015, Canadá ya tenía 11 en vigor, había concluido el acuerdo con la
UE y está negociando actualmente otros diez. Canadá juega un papel activo a
favor del fortalecimiento del sistema multilateral del comercio que es
reconocido por los Miembros de la OMC. Esperamos seguir contando con su
excelente Embajador y equipo en Ginebra como firmes aliados en este proceso y,
sobre todo, en los trabajos para la culminación de la Ronda de Doha.
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
4.173. The Russian delegation welcomes the 10th Trade Policy Review of
Canada. We are pleased to be a part of the current monitoring exercise which
enables us to emphasize those elements in the Canadian trade regime we are
interested in or concerned about.
4.174. We appreciate the continuous growth of Canadian economy with an
average annual rate of 2.4% during the review period due to both robust
economic policy and market factors. It is worth to note, however, that despite
steady increase in imports and exports, Canada has certain vulnerabilities with
respect to trade, as the country is reliant heavily on its major partner-market
of the United States. A narrow export product base - mainly energy and mineral
products, transportation equipment and vehicles – still remains another feature
of the Canadian economy and requires a proper addressing. In this context, we
observe with attention how Ottawa - in the course of contributing to further
economic growth - copes with the challenges of diversifying its merchandise
specialization and rebuilding trade and investment policies with priorities,
given to the key national sectors of strong competitive advantages.
4.175. On the bilateral track, over the years the Russian Federation and
Canada have been developing broad cooperation in many areas, including mining,
oil and gas, automotive components, aerospace and others. During the recent
years, our trade turnover showed a slight upward trend, reaching the amount of
US$2.2 billion in 2014. Obviously, it is far behind the existing economic
potential of the Russian-Canadian bilateral ties. And we believe that our
countries can be of much more interest to each other, not only like they are on
the ice hockey arena but also in such not less competitive fields as trade in
goods, trade in services, investment and many others.
4.176. During this review, Russia has submitted a number of questions
regarding some of Canadian trade and investment policies, in particular SPS,
food standards, state owned enterprises, import and distribution of alcoholic
beverages. We look forward to receiving the answers and intend to give them a
thorough consideration.
4.177. We remain deeply concerned with a number of unilateral trade
restrictive measures imposed by Canada against the Russian Federation due to
non-economic reasons. In this respect, we would like to express our regrets and
disappointment with the escalating of anti-Russian political rhetoric of Ottawa
which brings nothing but harm to both sides including mutual economic, trade
and investment losses. The Russian Federation reiterates its request to Canada
to bring its measures in line with the Canadian obligations under the WTO
Agreements and to terminate all unfounded restrictive measures immediately.
REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA
4.178. Para la República Dominicana, Canadá es un
importante socio comercial, y durante los últimos cuatro años del 2010 al 2014,
ha sido el principal origen de inversión extranjera directa, con un flujo de
2,973.3 millones de dólares EE.UU., representando el 25% del total en los
últimos cuatro años. En cuanto al intercambio comercial, en el año 2014, el
mismo alcanzó 1,235 millones de dólares EE.UU. aproximadamente, representando
un superávit en favor de la República Dominicana de 700 millones de dólares
EE.UU. aproximadamente.
4.179. Canadá se ha recuperado de la crisis
financiera y durante el período objeto de examen (2011-2014), el PIB ha crecido
a una tasa media anual del 2,4%, y aunque el crecimiento durante el período no
ha sido comparable a los niveles registrados antes de la crisis y sigue siendo
inferior a su tasa potencial, la economía canadiense ha mostrado generalmente
capacidad de resistencia ante las perturbaciones externas.
4.180. La economía canadiense es una economía
diversificada, sin embargo, también se indica que ha dependido durante mucho tiempo
de sus recursos naturales y de su riqueza mineral, siendo los sectores de la
minería y la energía no solo muy importantes para la economía canadiense en
términos de PIB y empleo, sino que los mismos contribuyen de manera importante
a las exportaciones y tienen una incidencia positiva en su balanza de pagos. En
este sentido, sería importante continuar haciendo esfuerzos en pos de la
diversificación de la economía.
4.181. Tomamos nota del Plan de Acción Económica
de 2014, el cual de manera certera, centró su atención en equilibrar el
presupuesto, apoyar la generación de empleo y el crecimiento, explotar de forma
responsable los recursos, y ayudar a las familias y las comunidades.
4.182. Canadá ha realizado esfuerzos para
reequilibrar y eliminar el déficit, producto del período de crisis, controlando
el gasto en programas, introduciendo medidas para mejorar la equidad del
sistema fiscal y estableciendo condiciones adecuadas para impulsar el
crecimiento económico.
4.183. Durante el período objeto de examen, la
evolución del comercio en el Canadá se caracterizó por un aumento constante de
las importaciones y exportaciones de mercancías y servicios, siendo el comercio
de mercancías del Canadá aproximadamente cinco veces superior al comercio de
servicios, tanto en el caso de las importaciones como en el de las
exportaciones, sin embargo el mismo depende significativamente de los Estados
Unidos como su mercado principal y cuenta con una base limitada de productos
destinados a la exportación, compuesta fundamentalmente por productos
energéticos y minerales, servicios de transporte y vehículos. En este sentido,
sería conveniente hacer mayores esfuerzos para diversificar tanto los mercados
de destino como los productos de las exportaciones.
4.184. Canadá, durante el período examinado, ha
llevado a cabo un proceso de simplificación de los aranceles mediante la
armonización de numerosos derechos en tres intervalos arancelarios, incluida la
eliminación de los aranceles menores al 5%. Asimismo, se tomaron varias
iniciativas autónomas de liberalización en sectores (como la maquinaria y
equipo, la ropa de bebés, el material deportivo o las unidades de perforación
mar adentro, lo cual sin duda contribuye a un mayor crecimiento y comercio);
sin embargo, todavía permanecen importantes barreras en el sector agrícolas,
con contingentes arancelarios y elevadas tasas arancelarias, en particular, en
los lácteos, con un arancel medio de 238,7% y los productos de origen animal
con un promedio arancelario del 47%.
4.185. Nos preocupa sin embargo, que Canadá
siguió utilizando las medidas antidumping y los derechos compensatorios de
forma acelerada, iniciando 43 investigaciones antidumping (con un número máximo
de 17 en 2013) y 21 investigaciones en materia de derechos compensatorios (con
un número máximo de 12 en 2014). Sugerimos en este sentido, la aplicación de
estas medidas, de una forma más racional, de forma que no se obstaculice el
comercio de los países en desarrollo.
4.186. También nos llama la atención el
importante número de programas de ayuda en forma de subvenciones e incentivos
que proporciona el Canadá, teniendo aproximadamente, 755 programas de ayuda que
proporcionan asistencia a las empresas en forma de donaciones, garantías de
préstamo, devoluciones y desgravaciones fiscales, y subvenciones para el pago
de salarios, y nos preguntamos sobre su consistencia con el Acuerdo de
Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias de la OMC.
4.187. Vemos con simpatía sus programas
tecnológicos y de innovación que benefician a las pequeñas y medianas empresas
cuyas exportaciones a los mercados emergentes esperan aumentar su presencia del
29% al 50%, siendo este tipo de programas, un instrumento importante en las
políticas de mejoría en la redistribución del ingreso. Asimismo, felicitamos a
Canadá por su fuerte compromiso en la ejecución de programas de innovación
dirigidos a nuevas tecnologías limpias y mejora del medio ambiente.
4.188. La República Dominicana ha presentado
algunas preguntas a Canadá, en relación con sus esquemas preferenciales y
agradecemos las respuestas presentadas, las cuales vamos a estudiar con
detenimiento.
INDIA
4.189. India welcomes the robust recovery made by the Canadian economy post
financial crisis. Canada has registered an average annual GDP growth rate of
2.4% during the review period, notwithstanding the uncertain global economic
environment and weak external demand, which is impressive. At the same time, as
noted by the discussant, Canada continues to confront certain vulnerabilities
with respect to trade as it is significantly reliant on a single market and has
a narrow export product base, mainly concentrated in sectors such as energy,
mineral products, transport, and vehicles. Further, the fluctuations in
commodity and energy prices have had an impact on its economy and current
account deficit. However, through its Global Markets Action Plan and sector
specific strategies, it has continued to calibrate it trade policy and
promotion strategies to maintain its competitive edge and access to
international markets.
4.190. While Canada has generally maintained an open and transparent policy
regime, it would appear that some sectors are still quite closed. As noted in
the Secretariat report, while over two‑thirds of the Canadian tariff lines have
zero duties, the application of non-zero rates is concentrated in a few sectors
such as dairy products, clothing and footwear – areas where developing
countries have also export interests. Canada provides support in the form of
subsidies and incentives through over 750 support programmes at the federal,
State and provincial levels providing assistance in the form of grants, loans,
guarantees, tax refunds and credits.
4.191. As noted by the discussant, another area of some concern is the
structure of the Canadian agriculture, with a very competitive exporting sector
on the one hand and supply managed industries on the other. Canada's average
applied tariff for agriculture products of 22.5 %, which remained unchanged in
the review period, is almost ten times higher than the average tariff for
non-agricultural products, which is at 2.4%. Furthermore, Canada continues to
use a wide array of protection instruments, such as tariff rate quota, tariff
peaks, non-ad valorem tariffs, special safeguards,
and export subsidies. Similarly, on the investment side, there remain certain
restrictions in sectors such as telecommunications, broadcasting, and air
transport.
4.192. On the bilateral front, India and Canada enjoy a multifaceted and
strategic partnership underpinned by shared values of democracy, pluralism,
expanding economic engagement and long standing people to people linkages.
Canada is home to over 1.2 million people of Indian origin. Our bilateral trade
has maintained a steady growth with two-way trade increasing from Can$4.2
billion in 2010 to Can$6.4 billion in 2014. Indian investments in Canada have
increased steadily in the recent years, especially in the IT, software and
natural resource sectors. India and Canada are working together to
expeditiously conclude a balanced and mutually beneficial comprehensive
economic partnership agreement. We are also in the process of negotiating a
bilateral investment promotion and protection agreement. All in all, our
bilateral relations are undergoing significant transformation and both
countries remain committed to elevating the trade and investment linkages to
their full potential.
4.193. We had posed some advance written questions to Canada and my
authorities would be reviewing the responses received. Let me underline one
particular area of concern to India, which relates to visa and work permits for
IT professionals. The recent changes carried out by Canada in its Temporary
Foreign Workers Program (TFWP) and, in particular, significant changes to the
ICT visa and work permit category have directly impacted the movement of
service providers, especially those working in the IT sector. The Labour Market
Impact Analysis and a rigorous definition of "Specialized Knowledge"
for IT work permit could adversely impact Canada's ability to attract the best
talent to contribute to its digital economy. We would urge the Canadian
Government to review these requirements to facilitate movement of temporary
service providers.
4.194. Finally, we very much appreciate the role played by Canada in the
WTO and the on-going DDA negotiations. India and Canada have a shared interest
in an effective multilateral trading system and we look forward to working with
Ambassador Fried and his team, and other Members in the on-going negotiations
to help conclude the Doha Round with balanced outcomes for all.
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
4.195. I am pleased to note that Canada and Korea have maintained mutually
beneficial trade relationship over the years based on the complementary nature
of both economies. Korea is Canada's seventh largest trading partner and third
largest in Asia. Bilateral trade volume between the two countries has steadily
increased, reaching more than US$11.4 billion in 2014, with Canada's exports to
Korea reaching US$4.2 billion. With respect to FDI, Korea's investment to
Canada amounted to US$10 billion, and Canada's investment to Korea amounted to
US$5.5 billion in 2012. Importantly, these figures demonstrate a very close
economic partnership that will continue to grow and develop in the future.
4.196. Turning to Canada's overall economic performance, Korea would like
to commend the Canadian Government for recovering well from the financial
crisis and achieving an average 2.4% GDP growth during the review period. Even
though its economy has faced some challenges and the growth rate slightly
declined to below 2% between 2012-14 mainly due to weaker export growth and investment,
we believe that its unilateral trade liberalization policies coupled with its
wide ranging structural reforms have and will continue to be the major source
of tis economic strength and success.
4.197. More specifically, the average applied tariff for non-agricultural
products during the period declined from 2.5% to 2.4%. A number of autonomous
liberalization initiatives were undertaken in some sectors including machinery,
clothes, sports equipment and offshore drilling units. In addition, the revised
GPA came into force for Canada in 2014 whereby Canada's market access
commitments at the sub-federal level have been significantly expanded. All
provinces and territories as well as ten federal crown corporations are now
covered in Canada's GPA schedule. As a firm believer in the multilateral
trading system embodied in the WTO, Canada has played a key role by actively
participating in the DDA negotiations and plurilateral negotiations.
4.198. On the bilateral front, it is our hope that the Korea-Canada Free
Trade Agreement, Canada's first FTA with an Asian country, which entered into
force in January 2015 will help deepen the economic cooperation between the two
countries. We also hope that it will play a role in helping advance trade
liberalization as it aims to achieve a comprehensive and high-quality trade
deal while fully respecting WTO standards.
4.199. Korea would like to provide a brief comment on Canada's trade
remedies where we find there is room for improvement. We note that, as pointed
out in the Secretariat report, Canada has used anti-dumping and countervailing
duty measures at an accelerated pace during the review period. There were 43
initiations of anti-dumping investigations and 21 initiations of countervailing
duty investigations. It is important to note that the majority of
investigations involved countries from Asia. In 2014, there were six
anti-dumping measures in force and two investigations initiated on imports of
Korean products, primarily steel products. Taking into account the adverse
effects of these measures on trade, it would be advisable that more prudent
approaches be taken in initiating anti-dumping investigations.
4.200. Finally, we very much hope that Canada, as one of the world's most
open and responsible trading nations, will continue to play an important role
in helping not only strengthen the WTO multilateral trading system as a whole,
but also advance the DDA negotiations. To be clear, Korea has and will continue
to work closely with Canada within the context of the DDA and plurilateral
negotiations.
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
4.201. Trinidad and Tobago and Canada enjoy a longstanding and dynamic
relationship, the origins of which precede the achievement of independence of
Trinidad and Tobago on 31 August 1962. Such a relationship commenced
in 1938 when a full-time Trade Commissioner was appointed to Port Spain. In
August 2012, Trinidad and Tobago simultaneously celebrated the fiftieth
anniversary of achievement of Independence and the fiftieth anniversary of the
establishment of diplomatic relations with Canada. This protracted history
highlights the reality that both countries share friendly relations and have
been mutual trading partners for over seven decades.
4.202. Since the year 2000 to present, the volume of trade between Trinidad
and Tobago and Canada has steadily increased. Exports from Trinidad and Tobago
to Canada include fish and seafood, iron and steel, machinery, mineral fuel
organic chemicals and beverages whilst imports from Canada include vegetables,
machinery, paper and paperboard, copper, electronic equipment and mineral ore.
4.203. Trinidad and Tobago is a business friendly country and one of
Canada's largest investment target countries in the Caribbean region. These
investments are primarily in the banking and energy sectors and include potash
and methanol. In March 2013, the Trinidad and Tobago Business Guardian quoted
the High Commissioner of Canada H.E. Gérard Latulippe who expressed that the
value of Canadian investment in Trinidad and Tobago was in the vicinity of
Can$1.3 billion.
4.204. In terms of financial services, such an investment is quite dynamic
with the operation of prominent institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada
and Scotiabank in Trinidad and Tobago.
4.205. Trinidad and Tobago also recognizes that Canada is an industrial
giant with increasing expertise and experience in the energy and mining
sectors. According to the Canadian Energy Overview 2013-Energy Briefing Note,
Canada's energy industry's direct contribution to GDP is 9.6%, a positive
increase of 1.1% when compared to the previous year. It is therefore not
surprising that over the years, investment in Trinidad and Tobago by Canadian
oil companies has been consistent. Some of the major Canadian energy companies
which have operations in Trinidad and Tobago include Methanex, PCS Nitrogen,
Niko Resources and Touchstone Exploration.
4.206. As a result of these capital ventures, the Ministry of Energy and
Energy Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago has recommended that efforts be made to
strengthen cooperation between Trinidad and Tobago and Canada in the energy sector
particularly in relation to areas such as: heavy oil, carbon capture storage
and carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In addition to this, there is
also a mutual interest between the countries in the transfer of knowledge,
technology and experience in developing a skilled labour force and
infrastructural development for both conventional and non-conventional energy
sectors in a sustainable manner. That being said, it is also worth mentioning
that Trinidad and Tobago and Canada are also exploring the possibility of
employing skilled labourers to work in the booming energy sector in the
province of Alberta.
4.207. With the view to further strengthening bilateral ties and investment
links between the two countries, in April 2013, the Honourable Kamla Persad-Bissessar,
Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, together with her accompanying
delegation, paid an Official visit to Canada. During that visit, four Memoranda
of Understanding were signed in the areas of tertiary-level education,
employment services, security and defence. Following that meeting, and as
recent as January, 2015, a Canadian Trade and Economic Mission visited
Port of Spain to explore and assess market opportunities in Trinidad and Tobago
and vice-versa. The Mission sought to facilitate the identification of Canadian
business partners for Trinidad and Tobago companies which have the potential to
serve as a network for distribution, sales and service agents for Trinidad and
Tobago products on the Canadian market with the aim of creating several
investment opportunities.
4.208. In addition to this, special reference must also be made to the fact
that Trinidad and Tobago continues to participate and benefit from the Canadian
Seasonal Agriculture Workers Programme (SWAP). This programme, which has been
in place for more than forty years, engages local agricultural workers in
seasonal harvesting projects in Canada.
4.209. My delegation would like to take this opportunity to briefly discuss
the CARICOM-Canada Trade Agreement -commonly known as CARIBCAN. The CARIBCAN
arrangement supports Trinidad and Tobago's goals for export growth and
diversification and creates positive spill-off effects on other development
goals including economic transformation and poverty and unemployment reduction.
For close to two decades, between 25 and 35% of Trinidad and Tobago's exports
to Canada have been duty-free under CARIBCAN. Following the last meeting of the
WTO Council for Trade of Goods (CTG) in March 2015, the issue relating to the
renewal of the CARIBCAN waiver until 2023 was deferred. Despite this, Trinidad
and Tobago together with the rest of CARICOM remain confident that the CARIBCAN
waiver would be approved when it comes up for consideration at the next meeting
of the CTG scheduled to take place next month. Trinidad and Tobago and the rest
of the region welcome the possibility of returning to the negotiating table to
make further progress on this issue.
4.210. As a small developing island State, Trinidad and Tobago agrees that
international trade and investment flows are essential drivers of sustainable
economic growth. My delegation also agrees with the fact that the
liberalization of trade in, for example, environmental goods can contribute
positively to climate change and other global environmental challenges. Having
said this, my delegation will request further assistance from Canada, as a
major player in the G20, in lobbying on behalf of small vulnerable countries in
order for them to meet their development objectives.
4.211. Finally, please permit me to thank the delegation of Canada for
their responses provided to Trinidad and Tobago's questions which were posed in
advance of this meeting.
ECUADOR
4.212. En nombre de mi país, le extiendo un
cordial saludo, al tiempo que reconocemos su gestión para llevar adelante los
exámenes de políticas comerciales, ejercicio que aporta al principio de
transparencia de la Organización, respecto de las medidas de política comercial
adoptadas por los países Miembros.
4.213. Asimismo, permítame dar la bienvenida a la
delegación de Canadá encabezada por el Señor Cameron Mackey, Director de
Negociaciones Comerciales, así como extender el agradecimiento de mi Delegación
por los comprehensivos informes recibidos para este décimo Examen que han sido
presentados tanto por el Gobierno de Canadá como por la Secretaría de la OMC.
4.214. De igual forma, el Ecuador agradece la
presentación realizada en calidad de ponente por el Representante Permanente de
Suiza ante la OMC, Embajador Remigi Winzap.
4.215. El Ecuador participa con interés en este
Examen de políticas comerciales debido a que Canadá es considerado como una de
las principales economías del mundo, con un PIB que creció a una tasa media
anual del 2,4% durante el presente período de evaluación.
4.216. En el informe de la Secretaría se expresa
que, desde el año 2009, el Gobierno canadiense ha aplicado planes de acción a
través de las cuales se identifican las medidas de política que deben adoptarse
para superar posibles limitaciones, y ayudar a impulsar la economía, En este
sentido, el Ecuador reconoce las acciones adoptadas en el Plan correspondiente
al año 2014, cuyo objetivo fundamental fue el establecimiento de acciones
destinadas a impulsar su economía y la generación de empleo.
4.217. De igual forma, registramos la información
proporcionada tanto por el Gobierno de Canadá como por la Secretaría respecto a
la evolución del comercio que se caracteriza por un aumento constante de las
importaciones y exportaciones tanto de mercancías como de servicios lo que, en
el 2014, permitió registrar un saldo positivo en la balanza del comercio de mercancías;
y que los servicios continúan siendo la columna vertebral de la economía
canadiense, toda vez que, durante el período de evaluación, representó el 70%
del PIB, siendo el turismo el principal sector exportador de servicios de
Canadá.
4.218. Un tema que mi delegación desea destacar
es la utilización de medidas antidumping y derechos compensatorios que, según
se expresa en el informe de la Secretaría, han sido utilizados de manera
acelerada por parte del Gobierno de Canadá. En ese sentido, es de interés de nuestro
país conocer la fundamentación de esa política.
4.219. De otra parte, si bien en el informe se
expresa que los compromisos contraídos por Canadá en el marco de la OMC en
materia de reducción de subvenciones a la exportación se aplican a varios
grupos de productos, y que han disminuido en el bienio 2011-2012, persiste la
preocupación para mi país, en la medida que se continúa facilitando ayudas en
forma de subvenciones e incentivos en el ámbito federal, provincial y local.
4.220. Por otro lado, el Ecuador toma nota de lo
señalado en el informe de la Secretaría sobre ciertas preocupaciones o puntos
débiles que adolece el comercio de Canadá como la dependencia de los Estados Unidos como su principal
mercado.
4.221. En ese contexto, Canadá ha reconocido la
necesidad de diversificar sus exportaciones en mercados distintos a los Estados
Unidos. Para lo cual, ha buscado concertar acuerdos comerciales con miras a
crear oportunidades nuevas de acceso a mercados para sus bienes de exportación.
4.222. En tal virtud, el Ecuador reitera su
interés de iniciar un proceso de negociación tendiente a establecer una
relación comercial de largo plazo con Canadá que promueva, a partir de los
principios de solidaridad y beneficio equitativo, el aprovechamiento de las
complementariedades y fortalezas de ambas economías en armonía con los
objetivos de desarrollo sostenible.
4.223. De igual manera, la República del Ecuador
desea manifestar la intención de trabajar hacia la identificación de
alternativas que motiven la inversión Canadiense en el Ecuador tomando en
cuenta las estrategias desarrolladas por el Canadá, sobre todo en sectores
extractivos con el Plan para la Explotación Responsable de los Recursos del
Canadá.
4.224. Para concluir, deseamos anticipar nuestro
agradecimiento a la delegación de Canadá por sus respuestas a las preguntas que
hemos planteado sobre algunos aspectos concretos de su política comercial, lo
que proveerá de insumos importantes para el fortalecimiento de las relaciones
bilaterales en materia de comercio exterior.
TURKEY
4.225. Canada is not only the 11th biggest economy in the world, but also
one of the most active and leading Members of the WTO. Its valuable
contributions to the works of the regular Committees and its constructive
attitude within the DDA negotiations, make Canada an important stakeholder of
the multilateral trading system. It would not be fair to ignore the personnel
efforts and contribution of Ambassador Fried within this process.
4.226. It is satisfactory that the Canadian economy showed important
resilience to the world economic crisis and resumed a reasonable and sound
economic growth rate during the review period, while reorienting down the
unemployment, thanks to the positive contribution of trade among other things.
We also observe with satisfaction that Canada continues to maintain a liberal
and predictable trade and investment regime during the review period. Its
average tariff stands at as low as 2.4% for industrial products and at a
reasonable level of 22.5% for agricultural products, while 67% of its tariff
lines are duty free. Despite this liberal trading regime, Canada maintains a
relatively high protection rate of 20% for some bedding, clothing and footwear
products, which are mostly imported from developing countries.
4.227. On the other hand, Canada reviewed its General Preferential Tariff
regime for imports from developing countries and graduated 72 countries,
including Turkey, from its GPT regime, as of 1 January 2015. It is unclear
what is the basis for graduation from the GPT regime since the GDP per capita
of the graduated countries varies from US$1.500 (India) to US$50.000
(Netherlands). While it is reasonable to graduate high income countries from
the GPT regime, graduating relatively low level countries is not in conformity
with the "development" perspective of the trade policy priorities set
by Canada and recited by the Secretariat report. I also believe that removing
all those 72 countries from the GPT regime would not help the efforts of Canada
for diversifying its trading partners and would strengthen its commercial
dependence to the United States.
4.228. Turkey and Canada are both member of the G20 and our bilateral trade
with Canada has a relatively balanced structure and it increased nearly 50%
during the review period. However, I strongly believe that our US$2 billion bilateral
trade volume does not represent the real potential and there is still a big
room to develop it in a balanced manner.
THAILAND
4.229. Canada is currently ranked as Thailand's 32nd largest trading
partner. In 2014, the value of bilateral trade between the two countries stood
at US$3.28 billion, a decline of 2.86% from the previous year. Canada is also
ranked as our 29th export destination and 35th import
source. Conversely, Thailand is currently ranked as Canada's 21st
trading partner, 31st destination, and 17th source of
import.
4.230. Despite the decline in bilateral trade, Thailand and Canada have
been working actively to strengthen our trade and investment relations. Indeed,
the two countries have engaged in numerous discussions regarding the
possibility of the two sides, I am hopeful that we could launch a negotiation
for the agreement in the near future.
4.231. In the multilateral trading system, Canada has certainly been an
active contributor to the system. In this regard, Thailand would like to
commend Canada for its dedication to fostering a transparent and trade
facilitative environment, having undertaken a tariff simplification process to
harmonize duties, and implemented initiatives to unilaterally liberalize trade
in several sectors during the review period. Moreover, great efforts have also
been made to improve its customs procedures through numerous programs such as
the Customs Self-Assessment, and the Free and Secure Trade Programs.
4.232. Thailand has always appreciated Canada's thoughtful and informed
involvement in various negotiations forums, and is certain that Canada can play
a key role in providing the spark needed to move the WTO negotiations forward.
In this connection, we do look forward to practical and constructive
negotiating work in the WTO to achieve a meaningful work programme and the
successful tenth Ministerial Conference this year.
4.233. The TPR reports indicated that both Canada's import and export
numbers have steadily increased over the past few years. Which I believe is the
result of the country's proactive approach towards free trade agreements, in
addition to its determination towards the enhancement of trade environment.
Thailand certainly supports these constructive efforts as they will without
doubt contribute positively to multilateral trading system.
4.234. In this review, Thailand has submitted several questions to Canada,
covering the policies and measures of our interests regarding among other
things, Canada's permit requirements of textiles, government procurement,
competition policy, and investment regime. We are looking forward to Canada's
responses with anticipation, and will certainly study them in detail with great
interest.
4.235. In conclusion, Thailand would like to express its appreciation to
the Canada delegation for today's presentation. We are thankful to Canada and
H.E. Ambassador Jonathan T. Fried for the close cooperation with Canada at
every level, including that between our Geneva-based delegations.
COSTA RICA
4.236. Costa Rica se complace en participar en
este Examen de políticas comerciales. Canadá es un socio con el que compartimos
muchos puntos de vista en la OMC como miembros del grupo de Cairns y del grupo
de Friends of the System, siendo un país comprometido con el sistema
multilateral de comercio, así como con la conclusión exitosa y ambiciosa de la
Ronda Doha. También compartimos posiciones muy cercanas sobre la Facilitación
de Comercio, las Indicaciones Geográficas y el papel de las Tecnologías de la
Información como facilitador del desarrollo, solo por mencionar algunos temas.
4.237. El intercambio comercial entre Costa Rica
y Canadá alcanzó 258 millones de dólares EE.UU. en 2014 y, si bien es modesto,
éste se recuperó a las cifras previas a la crisis de 2009 y prácticamente
duplicó las cifras de 2002, fecha en que entró en vigor el Tratado de Libre
Comercio entre ambos países. Nuestros países, además, tienen en vigor un
Tratado para la promoción recíproca de las inversiones desde 1999, lo que ha
permitido que Canadá se sitúe como un importante origen de la inversión
extranjera directa en nuestro país.
4.238. Tanto el informe de la Secretaría como el
del Gobierno dejan constancia de la estabilidad de la economía canadiense y su
recuperación de la crisis financiera mundial. Costa Rica reconoce los esfuerzos
de Canadá por simplificar sus aranceles, incluyendo la eliminación de los
aranceles estorbo inferiores al 5%. También resaltamos la importancia que su
Gobierno ha dado al sector de las tecnologías ambientales y sostenibles a
través del Plan de Acción para los Mercados Mundiales; así como a las negociaciones
sobre los bienes ambientales, temas en los que Costa Rica posee un gran
interés.
MONTENEGRO
4.239. Canada ranks as one of the top investors in Montenegro's tourist
industry. Its major investment project "Porto Montenegro" aims at
developing the biggest marina in the Eastern Adriatic and has already become a
brand regularly featured in all leading Travel & Tourism reports. With €256
million gross investments from 2007 through 2014 and the plan for additional
€107 million in the course of 2015, this project has strengthened
competiveness of the overall tourism as Montenegro's most important services
export, positioning the entire Tivat Bay for long term economic growth. In
addition, Canadian companies have successfully participated in modernisation of
the safe and secure Montenegro's costal management system put in place in 2013
in support of the international maritime requirements. Montenegro is ready to
extend economic cooperation with Canada particularly in the area of
infrastructure, transportation and energy that could be further facilitated by
the existing Bilateral Trade Agreement and the Agreement on strategic
cooperation with the Canadian Commercial Corporation signed in 2012.
4.240. My delegation would also like to use this opportunity to recognize
and appreciate Canada's valuable contribution to the number of development
projects granted to Montenegro in conjunction with the international
organizations as UNICEF, World Vision and Microcredit.
4.241. As a country with Government that values openness to international
trade, Montenegro welcomes the Government of Canada's continued contribution to
the multilateral trading system. We commend Canada for its commitment to
deliver strong economic growth, successfully manage government borrowing and
reduce unemployment, while also ensuring increases in international trade.
Although Montenegro notes that Canadian exports suffered during the global
economic crisis, Montenegro is pleased to observe that exports have now
returned to their pre-global financial crisis levels.
4.242. In agreement with the Secretariat, Montenegro also notes the
Government of Canada's continued commitment to the advancement of international
trade through the negotiation and implementation of free trade agreements. In
this regard, Montenegro wishes to congratulate the Government of Canada on
securing the entry into force of five new FTAs since its last Trade Policy
Review; as well as its signing of an FTA with the European Union in 2014.
Montenegro fully agrees with the value that FTAs can serve in increasing international
trade and commerce, wishing every success to the parties to these agreements.
4.243. Montenegro notes with interest the Government of Canada's Global
Markets Action Plan ("GMAP"). Montenegro agrees with the importance
that the Government of Canada attaches to developing policy initiatives capable
of advancing commercial interests in established markets, as well as ensuring
that businesses are able to successfully engage with priority emerging markets.
In this regard, Montenegro wishes to commend the Government of Canada for the
scale of its GMAP project. In such a competitive environment as we live,
seeking to advance Canadian interests in 80 countries across the World is a
vitally important aim.
4.244. Finally, Montenegro will continue to follow with interest the
implementation of Canada's federal tourism strategy and its key achievements,
in particular the best practices of cooperation with the private sector, tour
operators and travel agents trough the new marketing initiatives introduced by
this strategy.
4.245. Montenegro is looking forward to continuing constructive engagement
with the delegation of Canada in Geneva lead by distinguished Ambassador Fried
whose contribution to the work of WTO has been remarkable.
URUGUAY
4.246. Antes que nada nos gustaría destacar la
capacidad de Canadá de negociar un alto número de acuerdos de comercio en todo
el mundo. Parece un desafío al determinismo geográfico que Canadá enfrenta y
que se ha mencionado en varias intervenciones. Al mismo tiempo, Canadá
desarrolla un importante rol en la OMC y en las negociaciones de la Ronda de
Doha.
4.247. Uruguay y Canadá tienen un excelente nivel
de relación tanto en el plano político como económico-comercial, cultural y de
cooperación. Compartimos valores e intereses, como Miembros de múltiples organizaciones
hemisféricas e internacionales, con una activa participación en foros
multilaterales e importantes contribuciones a las Misiones de Paz de las
Naciones Unidas, lo que afirma esos intereses comunes en cuanto a la seguridad
hemisférica y a las cuestiones de desarrollo.
4.248. En relación a la cooperación, uno de los
temas centrales que integra nuestra agenda bilateral es la cooperación en el
sector de minería: hemos dialogado sobre nuevas vías de cooperación, la
captación de inversiones y modelos de negocios.
4.249. En lo que hace referencia a la relación
comercial, también compartimos intereses: ambos países integramos el Grupo de
Cairns con el objetivo común de reformar las reglas del comercio agrícola.
Uruguay desea aprovechar la oportunidad para agradecer el compromiso de Canadá
con el Grupo, reflejado entre cosas en la elaboración de numerosos trabajos
técnicos de alta calidad.
4.250. El comercio bilateral entre Uruguay y
Canadá se ha afianzado con el paso de los años: entre 2010 y 2014 creció más
del 200%. En el 2014, Uruguay exportó más de 122 millones de dólares EE.UU. lo
que hace de Canadá un socio importante para Uruguay. Nuestro país exporta
principalmente carne bovina congelada y los productos que siguen en importancia
son: cítricos, lana, pescados, y arándanos.
4.251. En lo relativo a carne vacuna, principal
exportación de Uruguay a Canadá, el acceso se limita a apenas un monto de
11.844 toneladas en régimen NMF que son parte de una cuota de un total de
76.404 toneladas. En el pasado, esta limitante en el acceso se veía
parcialmente flexibilizada por demandas de la industria por "suplementary
import permits". Lamentablemente, hace ya casi 10 años que las autoridades
canadienses no otorgan tales permisos.
4.252. Otro importante conjunto de productos de
exportación del Uruguay es el lácteo (quesos, mantequilla, leche en polvo) que
enfrentan en Canadá aranceles de hasta 238% quizás entre los más altos
aplicados por un Miembro de la OMC.
4.253. Uruguay está interesado en exportar a
Canadá carne ovina con hueso. Se han mantenido reuniones bilaterales con Canadá
sobre el tema en el marco de la 82 conferencia de la OIE y, en agosto del 2014,
la Embajada del Uruguay presentó una nota a la Dirección de Seguridad
Alimentaria de la Agencia canadiense de Inspección Alimentaria, en la que se comunicó
que una misión de la OIE visitó Uruguay e indicó que el proyecto nacional
cumple con las normas internacionales, incluidas las de bienestar animal.
Uruguay no solo cumple con la normativa OIE, sino también el Código Sanitario
áralos animales terrestres y mantiene el estatus de país libre de fiebre aftosa
con vacunación desde el 2003 y, además, Uruguay no vacuna contra aftosa al
ganado ovino desde 1988.
4.254. Las importaciones originarias de Canadá
tuvieron un comportamiento volátil en el período de examen. Los productos
provenientes de Canadá tienen mayor valor agregado que las exportaciones
uruguayas. Los principales productos son abonos minerales o químicos potásicos,
maquinarias para cosechar y para fabricar caucho o plástico y cajas de
fundición.
4.255. Existen muchas oportunidades de comercio
entre ambos países, para nuestro país las mayores oportunidades se encuentran
en productos que contienen un mayor valor agregado industrial que el habitual,
como preparados y conservados de carne bovina y ovina, vinos, sustancias y
productos químicos, madera y productos derivados o productos textiles y prendas
de vestir.
4.256. En cuanto al rubro inversiones, tenemos un
acuerdo para la promoción y protección de inversiones extranjeras. Existe un
número importante de empresas canadienses que han invertido en Uruguay en
manufacturas como en servicios tales como servicios financieros, y se espera
que el número aumente luego del acuerdo de intercambio de información
tributaria en vigencia desde el 2014.
4.257. Finalmente, quisiera destacar que Canadá
juega un importante papel en las negociaciones multilaterales tanto por su
dimensión económica como por su capacidad de propuesta y ambos países coinciden
en el interés en la conclusión exitosa de la Ronda de Doha para el Desarrollo,
de manera que permita el fortalecimiento del sistema multilateral de comercio.
MAURITIUS
4.258. At the outset, my delegation wishes to commend the crucial role
played by Canada at the WTO. Mauritius believes in a fair, inclusive and
multilateral approach to the negotiations with a view to reaching a balanced
outcome but more importantly the symbiotic integration of nations in the
increasingly interconnected world.
4.259. We wish to laud Canada for the resilience of its economy in the face
of the economic crisis, the brunt of which we have all suffered for example
through a shrink in global demand. We intend to tap Canada's experience through
its Global Markets Action Plan. Its trade promotion and trade policy strategy
aimed at supporting the commercial success of its companies, the retooling of
government's trade efforts and economic diplomacy including outreach to
emerging markets.
4.260. Mauritius would wish to explore a key aspect of the Global Markets
Action Plan - the International Education Strategy aimed at attracting
international researchers and students to Canada and promoting research links
between Canadian and foreign educational institutions. Mauritius has a circular
migration project with Canada, which has been operating with great
success.
4.261. At the Trade Policy Review of Mauritius held last year, the
delegation of Canada offered to explore avenues of cooperation in the field of
the ocean economy. We are pleased to announce that the new Government of
Mauritius has a full-fledged Ministry in charge of the portfolio of Ocean economy
and we look forward to meaningful cooperation with the relevant Canadian
authorities to delineate the areas of engagement.
4.262. My delegation wishes to express appreciation of the Canada's
recognition of the specific challenges faced by SVEs like Mauritius and the
necessity that the needs, interests, concerns of SVEs are duly recognized and
translated into the Work Programme for the SVE's.
4.263. Both Canada and Mauritius attach the same importance to trade as a
major driver of growth. Mauritius strongly believes in greater intra-regional
trade and improved trade facilitation cooperation and coordination to enable
further trade flows.
4.264. My delegation looks forward to working closely with the delegation
of Canada as we engage in an important year at the WTO with a view to yielding
concrete deliverables for the Nairobi Ministerial Meeting.
BÉNIN
4.265. L'examen des indicateurs et performances
économiques fournies par le Canada dans le rapport du Gouvernement fait
ressortir que le Canada a réussi à juguler pendant la période que couvre le
présent examen les effets de la crise économique observée sur les marchés
mondiaux. Depuis 2011, date du dernier examen, le Canada a enregistré une
amélioration de son Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) et de ses échanges commerciaux
tout en menant une politique efficiente de création d'emplois qui a permis de
faire reculer le taux de chômage.
4.266. S'agissant des indicateurs
macroéconomiques, ils font ressortir que la croissance réelle de l'économie a
atteint 2,5% en 2014. Une embellie se note également au niveau des exportations
canadiennes qui ont résorbé le ralentissement enregistré pendant la période de
récession et enregistré une progression de 9,9% par rapport à leur niveau
d'avant la récession.
4.267. Ces résultats sont appuyés par une
stratégie prospective qui vise à rétablir les équilibres budgétaires d'ici à
2015-2016.
4.268. Les performances ainsi enregistrées sont
la résultante de mesures économiques, budgétaires et financières efficientes
qui ont permis de transcender les difficultés et de traverser la crise
économique et financière mondiale.
4.269. La délégation du Bénin se réjouit, en
outre, de noter au titre du rapport du Gouvernement du Canada que
"l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) représente l'un des grands
piliers de la politique commerciale du Canada et un cadre privilégié pour
dialoguer avec ses partenaires commerciaux".
4.270. Elle salue les efforts déployés par le
Canada pour faciliter l'aboutissement heureux des négociations commerciales du
Cycle de Doha.
4.271. Á cet effet, elle se félicite du soutien
apporté par le Canada au respect de la dimension "développement" du
Programme de Doha pour le développement (PDD) puisque la Partie canadienne
réitère l'importance d'accorder une attention spéciale aux besoins des pays en
développement, notamment des Pays les moins avancés (PMA).
4.272. Tout en félicitant le Canada pour le
soutien financier apporté aux PMA en vue de faciliter leur meilleure
implication dans le Système commercial multilatéral, la délégation du Bénin
voudrait former le vœu que cet appui se poursuive, s'intensifie et se
diversifie, surtout avec:
·
les échéances majeures qui sont annoncées, notamment: i) le cinquième
examen global de l'Aide pour le commerce; ii) le lancement de la nouvelle phase
du Cadre intégré renforcé; iii) les Objectifs du développement durable
post-2015, d'une part; et
·
les défis déjà identifiés et qui attendent d'être relevés dans le cadre de
la mise en œuvre du Programme d'Istanbul en faveur des PMA, d'autre part.
4.273. Dans le cadre spécifique de l'OMC, il
serait vivement apprécié qu'une attention particulière et une considération
bienveillante et constructive soient accordées aux préoccupations des PMA au
nombre desquelles: i) l'accès aux marchés en franchise de droits et hors
contingent pour les produits provenant des PMA; ii) les règles d'origine; iii)
l'opérationnalisation effective de la dérogation dans le domaine des services à
travers des mesures qui ont un intérêt et une valeur commerciale avérés pour
les PMA; et iv) la question vitale du coton, etc.
4.274. Ma délégation prend note des nombreuses
initiatives prises par le Canada au titre de partenariats bilatéraux
mutuellement avantageux au nombre desquelles la conclusion d'Accords sur la
promotion et la protection des investissements étrangers, y compris avec le
Bénin.
4.275. Elle prend également note des nombreux
accords plurilatéraux conclus ou en cours de finalisation et invite la partie
canadienne à veiller à ce que ces accords complètent utilement les actions
menées dans le cadre multilatéral à l'OMC, plutôt que de s'y substituer.
4.276. La délégation du Bénin reste convaincue
que le Canada, comme par le passé, continuera à promouvoir le multilatéralisme
et à soutenir les activités en cours de négociation du Cycle de Doha en
observant la prise en compte utile et bénéfique de la dimension développement.
PANAMÁ
4.277. Panamá desea felicitar a Canadá por el
desempeño económico mostrado durante el período de examen. La economía
canadiense ha podido enfrentar la crisis financiera implementando políticas
públicas que han permitido un crecimiento económico a través del aumento de las
importaciones y exportaciones de mercancías y servicios, programas encaminados
a la diversificación de sus productos, promoción del comercio y la inversión,
medidas de estímulo monetario y fiscal, y la ampliación de sus mercados a
través de la celebración de Acuerdos Comerciales Regionales, entre estos el
suscrito con Panamá el 14 de mayo de 2010 y que entró en vigor el 1 de abril de
2013.
4.278. Panamá y Canadá mantienen sólidas
relaciones diplomáticas y comerciales las cuales se sustentan a través de una
decena de convenios vigentes que abarcan temas comerciales, laborales,
fiscales, así como lo referente a intercambio de información. Canadá representa
el segundo socio comercial de Panamá, y en el 2013, año de entrada en vigencia
del Tratado, el 14,8% de nuestras importaciones de bienes se realizaron al
amparo del TLC, aunque no tuvo relevancia en las exportaciones.
4.279. En cuanto al impacto en la Zona Libre de
Colón, las reexportaciones e importaciones de Panamá en el comercio con Canadá
totalizaron B/. 12.6 millones y B/. 13.3 millones, respectivamente en el 2013.
Las reexportaciones de dicha Zona a Canadá aumentaron 23,6% en el 2013, con
respecto al año anterior y las importaciones disminuyeron 1,4%.
4.280. La posición de la inversión extranjera
directa de Canadá en Panamá es de B/.1,260 millones en el 2013 (1,4% más que el
año anterior). La inversión canadiense en el año 2013 representó el 4% del
total de inversión extranjera directa en Panamá.
4.281. El flujo de carga larga total a través del
Canal de Panamá por Canadá en el 2014 fue de 10,303,448 toneladas largas (3,36%
más que el año anterior), representando el puesto número 10 en la
jerarquización de países que utilizan el Canal.
4.282. Para finalizar, deseamos felicitar a
Canadá por su activa participación en el sistema de comercio multilateral, su
dedicación al proceso de negociación y adopción del Acuerdo de facilitación del
comercio, y su destacado rol en las negociaciones comerciales que se llevan a
cabo en el marco de esta Organización.
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
4.283. The Trade Policy Review reports prepared by Canada and the
Secretariat reveal that the Canadian economy remains sound, resilient and
diversified. GDP growth has averaged 2.4% annually during the review period
2011-14. Canada's strong macroeconomic fundamentals and its continuous efforts
to improve the productivity and the competitiveness of its economy, including
through trade and investment liberalization enabled it to manage a prompt
recovery from external shocks and financial crisis.
4.284. Building upon the Economic Action Plans (EAP) of 2009 that focused
on boosting economic growth and performance and creating jobs, the Canadian
Government continued to implement EAP during the review period. Through these
plans, the Government focused on policy actions to be undertaken to strengthen
the immigration system; create new infrastructure plan; invest in research and
innovation; provide support to manufacturers and businesses; improve trade and
economic aspects such as tax relief and cuts; eliminate tariffs on machinery
and equipment and on industrial manufacturing inputs; enhance the Free Trade
Zone policies and programmes; modernize Canada's General Preferential Tariff
regime; expand Export Development Canada's role in the credit market; develop
resources and enhance social support.
4.285. Canada is also to be commended for its Global Markets Action Plan
(GMAP) in 2013 which targeted setting priorities and objectives for trade
initiatives and trade promotion activities.
4.286. We also appreciate Canada's firm commitment to a rules-based and a
transparent multilateral trading system, as well as to help developing
countries and least developed countries (LDCs) addressing their concerns and
difficulties. Its contribution to Aid for Trade Program, Monitoring Mechanism
for Special and Differential Treatment and the decisions related to market
access for least developed countries (LDCs) are clear proofs to this effect.
4.287. Canada and Saudi Arabia enjoy a friendly and substantive
relationship, underpinned by commercial ties and supported by shared membership
in the G20. Saudi Arabia is currently Canada's second largest export market in
the Middle East, with two-way merchandise trade reaching US$3.6 billion in
2011. Saudi Arabia primarily exports crude petroleum and petrochemicals to
Canada. Canada exports motor vehicles, machinery and equipment, ores, slag,
ash, paper, electrical equipment to Saudi Arabia.
4.288. More than 16,000 Saudi students are now studying in Canada, making
Saudi Arabia Canada's fourth largest source of international students. Also, 4,000
Saudi doctors have received medical training in Canada.
4.289. There is significant potential for economic ties to grow between the
two countries especially in agriculture, transportation, water, power, urban
development and other infrastructure projects. The Canada-Saudi Arabia Joint
Economic Commission (JEC) was established to support the promotion of bilateral
business ties and help expand and diversify trade between the two countries.
4.290. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia believes that the multilateral trading
system is a key element for global development. Canada has a long standing
tradition of constructive and forward-looking participation in the WTO.
Consequently, we welcome Canada's active role in the multilateral context to
secure the conclusion of the Doha Development Agenda and allow the WTO to
address new challenges.
HONDURAS
4.291. En lo que concierne al informe presentado,
notamos con gran interés que el Canadá se ha podido recuperar
satisfactoriamente de la crisis financiera y durante el período de 2011 al 2014,
el PIB ha crecido a una tasa media anual del 2,4%, evidencia que la economía
canadiense ha mostrado generalmente capacidad de resistencia ante las
perturbaciones externas.
4.292. Notamos que el Plan de Acción Económica de
2014 centró su atención en equilibrar el presupuesto, apoyar la generación de
empleo y el crecimiento, explotar de forma responsable los recursos y ayudar a
las familias y las comunidades.
4.293. Resaltamos la puesta en vigencia del Plan
de Acción sobre los Mercados Mundiales mediante el cual se establecen las
prioridades y objetivos de las iniciativas comerciales y de las actividades de
promoción del comercio, y la inversión otorgando prioridad a 22 sectores en los
que el Canadá ha identificado con una sólida ventaja competitiva.
4.294. Del informe se desprende que las
autoridades señalan que el sector agrícola y agroalimentario del Canadá sigue
siendo un sector fundamental de la economía, y en 2012 representó el 6,2% del
PIB. El Canadá sigue siendo un
importante comerciante de productos agrícolas, sobre todo de cultivos
extensivos como el trigo, la cebada y las semillas oleaginosas.
4.295. En cuanto al sector de los servicios, en
general siguen siendo la columna vertebral de la economía canadiense y durante
el período 2011-2014, representaron el 70% del PIB. Se destaca que el sector
turístico es un sector terciario importante que representa aproximadamente el
2% del PIB y el 1,4% de la inversión total en el Canadá.
4.296. En el año 2011, Canadá elaboró una
Estrategia Federal de Turismo para adoptar un enfoque del sector del turismo a
nivel de todo el Gobierno y mediante la Política Cielo Azul, apoya la
Estrategia Federal de Turismo a través de acuerdos de transporte aéreo nuevos o
ampliados o disposiciones administrativas que abarcan más de 85 países incluido
nuestro país.
4.297. En lo que respecta a nuestro comercio
bilateral, a partir del 1º de octubre de 2014, entró en vigencia el Acuerdo de
Libre Comercio entre Honduras y Canadá, el cual prevé la eliminación gradual de
los aranceles y los contingentes arancelarios para 2028. Determinados productos
agropecuarios seguirán estando sujetos a protección arancelaria tanto en el
Canadá como en Honduras.
4.298. En ese sentido, nuestro comercio bilateral
ha presentado un incremento de alrededor del 4% con respecto al año 2013, donde
importamos aproximadamente 44,000,000 de dólares EE.UU. en abonos, papel y
cartón, sellos de correo, láminas de plástico, medicamentos para uso humano,
máquinas para trabajar textiles, manufacturas de hierro, entre otros.
4.299. Exportamos alrededor de 235,000,000
dólares EE.UU. en productos del sector agrícola y del sector acuícola
desatancando los bananos, piñas, café, filetes de tilapia, camarones, aceite de
palma, azúcar de caña, cigarros y algunos productos del sector industrial tales
como cementos, cordeles, colofonias, carbón y desperdicios de aluminio.
4.300. La inversión extranjera directa de Canadá
es prominente en Honduras en la fabricación de prendas de vestir y la minería.
Honduras se está convirtiendo en un destino cada vez más importante para
inversionistas y turistas canadienses. Un total de 103,100 canadienses viajaron a Honduras en 2014.
4.301. Honduras es uno de los países en donde
Canadá concentra la cooperación internacional y en donde se enfoca el más
extenso programa bilateral en Centroamérica. En la última década, un número
creciente de trabajadores hondureños han ingresado a Canadá bajo el Programa de
Trabajadores Extranjeros Temporales; en el 2014, más de 278 personas fueron a
trabajar a Canadá.
4.302. Nuestro país agradece el apoyo del Canadá
a los programas en temas tales como lactancia, maternidad, empoderamiento a las
madres solteras, especialmente en los temas de educación y seguridad
alimentaria así como los distintos programas y proyectos auspiciados por el
Canadá incluido el de fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales para
la prevención del crimen en Centroamérica a través del Observatorio e Índice de
Seguridad Democrática del Sistema de Integración Centroamericano.
4.303. Finalmente, permítame reitérale nuestro
reconocimiento por esta nueva oportunidad de intercambiar y examinar las
políticas y prácticas comerciales de Canadá, al mismo tiempo desear éxito a las
autoridades en la presentación de su mecanismo de Examen de políticas
comerciales.
BARBADOS
4.304. Barbados is pleased to take part in this Trade Policy Review.
Canada's performance since the 2008 global crisis was due primarily to the
timeliness of the application of effective macroeconomic policies and the
strength of its banking sector.
4.305. Canada's rapid emergence from the crisis therefore demonstrates the
country's ability to face the global economic downturn and its resilience to
external shocks.
4.306. The Secretariat report has characterized Canada as a country which
is rich in natural resources and had diversified its economy then by resulting
in global rankings of 13th largest merchandise trade exporter and 11th
largest import market for merchandise bids.
4.307. Although imports and exports trade has increased, imports continue
to increase slightly faster than exports thereby contributing to the country's
current account balance. GDP growth over the review period 2001-14 averaged
2.4%. Growth in 2011 was 3% before it dropped to 2% in 2013. We therefore note
that the outlook for Canada remains positive as GDP growth is expected to reach
2.3% in 2015 and then decrease to 2.1% in 2016. It is also anticipated that the
country will remain at an inflation rate of about 2% in line with the targets
set by the Central Bank.
4.308. We also commend the Government of Canada on its initiative to assist
in bolstering its economy, foster job creation and promote prosperity towards
its various economic action plans. In this regard, we note the implementation
of its global market action plan which seeks to prioritize market and increase
export market penetration through defined pro-trade and investment goals and
objectives in Canada's pursuit of an ambitious trade agenda driven by an
increasing trade employment and economic growth. In particular, my delegation
notes the efforts of Canada initiated in 2014 to bring a balance in its budget,
support employment and growth, develop the resources particularly as it relates
to the environment, and support families and communities. My delegation wishes
Canada well in the implementation of these objectives.
4.309. We note that Canada continues its commitments to the multilateral
trading system through its participation in various aspects of the WTO works
including through its active contributions to the regular work of the various
WTO Committees and to works defined in the post-Bali work programme on the
remaining issues of the Doha Development Agenda.
4.310. Barbados places particular emphasis on realizing real and tangible
development dividends for developing countries in concluding the DDA. We
therefore look forward to the continued interaction with Canada in the realization
of these goals in the deliberation of the post-Bali work programme and a
successful conclusion of the Doha Development Round and, more generally, in the
day-to-day work of the WTO.
4.311. Barbados and Canada enjoy a long, cordial trade and political
relationship. Barbados and Canada signed a double taxation treaty in 1980 and a
bilateral investment treaty in 1996. Canada has over the years proven to be an
important source market for inward foreign direct investment to Barbados.
4.312. Canada is an important partner for Barbados in the area of trade and
services, in particular financial services, insurance and tourism. Although the
value of two-way trade in services between Barbados and Canada has increased
over the years, the balance is significantly in favour of Canada.
4.313. With regard to Barbados as a main stay, Canada remains an important
source market for Barbados tourism and is the third largest individual
contributor to this sector between 2007 and 2013.
4.314. Barbados and its CARICOM counterparts have been beneficiaries of
unilateral and non‑reciprocal duty free access to the Canadian market under
CARIBCAN. CARIBCAN was implemented since 1996 and allows for most merchandise
products originating in Barbados access to the Canadian market. In this regard,
Barbados welcomes the decision by Canada to seek a new waiver in the WTO and
looks forward to its approval which would ensure that trade between CARICOM's
small vulnerable economies and Canada will continue.
PAKISTAN
4.315. During the period under review, the global financial crisis also
threatened the Canadian economy; however, owing to the adaptable and WTO
compliant policies and reforms, Canada steered well - thereby shielding its
economic growth from the externalities generated before and during the crisis.
Not only Canada deserves all out praise for that, but also the constructive
measures undertaken with a view to eliminate the fiscal deficit by 2015-16 –
which indeed speak volumes about the laudable steps, sending strong signals of
economic recovery.
4.316. We commend the exceptional set of actions implemented by the
Canadian Government such as the EAP (Economic Action Plans); the Global
Commerce Strategy and the GMAP (global Markets Action Plan) – undertaken to
promote its Growth and Investments activities.
4.317. We note and applaud Canada's autonomous liberalization initiatives
in important sectors like: machinery and equipment, baby clothes, sports
equipment and offshore drilling units.
4.318. Canada is a key trading partner of Pakistan, as well as a big
investor in several critical sectors of our economy. And we wish to register
our sincere appreciation to such an autonomous trade regime being pursued by
Canada; sectors like textile and clothing as well as sports equipment are
extremely crucial for Pakistan's exports, and we welcome these initiatives that
boost bilateral trade.
4.319. Pakistan and Canada are presently working on a bilateral investment
treaty, and aim to finalize it in the very near future.
4.320. We, in particular, note the able leadership and drive of H.E
Ambassador Jonathan Fried and his Geneva based team; we have always found them
very supportive of the reform efforts, tirelessly to finalize the post-Bali
work programme.
JAMAICA
4.321. The National and Secretariat reports prepared for Canada's tenth
Trade Policy Review show that Canada has successfully weathered the storm of
the recent global financial and economic recession, primarily through an
adherence to strong monetary and fiscal policies. Given Canada's important note
in Global Trade and Economic Affairs, this outcome is quite significant and
noteworthy.
4.322. Canada's longstanding commitment to free trade is recognized. We
take note of the efforts to further diversify its economy which, while
benefiting from significant natural resource and mineral wealth is already
strongly services-driven. We are struck by Canada's ambitious pursuit of an
array of Free Trade Agreements in recent years. From the perspective of a small
developing country like Jamaica, we appreciate the effort made to secure these
agreements in the challenging bilateral and plurilateral trade negotiating
environment.
4.323. Also noteworthy were the significant number of reforms, including
legislative reforms that were undertaken since the last Trade Policy Review in
2011. These include significant reforms in the areas of intellectual property
and food health.
4.324. Canada and Jamaica share strong historical and geographical ties,
with both countries belonging to the Commonwealth and to the Organisation of
American States. Exchanges and contacts between our Governments and our peoples
have contributed to the enrichment and development of the economy and society
of both nations. We have been longstanding trading partners; particularly in
the areas of mineral ores, fish products, alcoholic beverages (rum) and
financial services.
4.325. Indeed, it is for this reason that we have noted with keen interest,
the number of advanced and subsequent questions posed to Canada on the matter
of the provincial regulation of the sale of alcoholic beverages.
4.326. Together with members of the Caribbean Community, we have undertaken
seven rounds of negotiations for a CARICOM-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Our
Negotiations are now "under review".
4.327. Jamaica appreciates the decision by the Government of Canada to
submit a new waiver request to the WTO for the CARIBCAN arrangement, which will
ensure that existing trade with Canada continues to take place without
disruption. Jamaica continues to derive significant benefits from access to the
Canadian market, which contributes to generating jobs, foreign exchange and
investment. Consequently, Canada continues to be an important trading partner
for Jamaica, and remains our second largest market for the trade in goods. We,
anticipate that in July, the waiver will be adopted allowing trade under this
beneficial arrangement to continue.
4.328. Regarding the trade in services, Canada has been a significant
source market for tourist arrivals to Jamaica, second only to the USA, and
accounts for approximately 20% of all stop-over visitor arrivals in 2012 and
2013, exhibiting a consistent upward trend since 2009. Canada also ranks second
behind the USA by virtue of tourist expenditure receipts.
4.329. Canada is also the main exporter of financial services to Jamaica,
with our two largest banks (the Bank of Nova Scotia and the National Commercial
Bank) being owned by Canadian principals. In addition to tourism and financial
services, Canada is also a major supplier of travel and transportation-related
services.
4.330. Jamaica is, therefore, of the view that services will remain a very
important area of trade between both countries for the foreseeable future and,
thus, strongly encourages the further development of bilateral trade in this
important sector.
4.331. Canada is an important development partner for Jamaica at both the
national and regional levels. Jamaica is, therefore, appreciative of the
support that the Government of Canada has given over the years under various
initiatives, including the Caribbean Regional Development Program and through
bilateral programmes. We look forward to strengthening our bilateral partnership
with Canada in these and other areas in the future.
4.332. Jamaica commends the Government of Canada for its strong commitment
to multilateral trade and to a balanced, rules-based international trading
system; and for its leadership role in trying to find solutions for an outcome
in the Doha Development Round of negotiations.
4.333. We take note of the multi-year financial contribution for trade
facilitation for the benefit of developing countries and also, of the Canadian
Government's decision to extend, for a further ten years, two key regimes that
will greatly benefit developing country trading partners; namely, the
unilateral tariff reference for LDCs (or LDCT) and the General Preferential
Tariff (GPT) – its GSP regime.
4.334. In the context of the post-Bali agenda and the crafting of a DDA
work programme, the preservation of special and differential treatment and
flexibilities for SVEs is fundamental to their prospects for enhanced trade and
economic development, and a clear improvement in the quality of life for the
populations of SVEs. Jamaica is, therefore, appreciative of the reference to
Small Vulnerable Economies (SVEs) that appears in Canada's National Report and
of Canada's stated commitment to collaborating with other WTO Members to
implement the SVEs Work Programme.
4.335. The Jamaican delegation, in this Forum, thanks Ambassador John Fried
for his stewardship of the General Council during 2014 and his, and the
delegation of Canada's, continued contribution to the work of the Organization
at all levels.
DOMINICA ON BEHALF OF OECS
4.336. I make this brief statement on behalf of the OECS and in so doing,
welcome the delegation of Canada from Ottawa headed by Mr Cameron MacKay and
also acknowledge the delegation based in Geneva headed by H.E. Ambassador
Jonathan Fried.
4.337. We thank the Secretariat and Canada for their reports and Ambassador
Winzap for his contributions this morning. As others before me have noted and
as indicated in the Secretariat report, the economy of Canada has demonstrated
a high level of robustness, stability and resilience during recent global
economic downturn and volatility. This, as the reports indicate, is in part due
to the strong and prudent macroeconomic policies implemented by the Government.
4.338. We note and commend Canada for the developments and reforms that
have taken place since the last Trade Policy Review.
4.339. Canada and the member States of the OECS share a long and cordial
relationship that encompasses trade, investment, cultural, education, social
and political spheres. Canada is the regions 5th most important trading
partner. Canada is also a significant source of investment including in the
financial sector.
4.340. Canada and the OECS share a strong commitment to the WTO and the
MTS. We also share a desire for a successful conclusion of the DDA, one that is
balanced and addresses the interests of all Members. In that regard, we would
like to commend Canada for the leadership role that it has played in the
various aspects of the work of the WTO including in the TNC and its subsidiary
bodies in the DDA negotiations and in the General Council and its subsidiary
bodies in the regular work.
4.341. We particularly wish to note and commend Canada for its support and
work in the area of development in the WTO including its stated commitment to
the principle of special and differential treatment, its participation in and
contribution to Aid for Trade, and its recognition of the need to address the
concerns of small vulnerable economies and its efforts in that regard.
4.342. The OECS member States have been and continue to benefit from
Canada's development assistance both at the national and regional level through
CIDA including support to strengthen the institutional capacity of the OECS and
the development of a trade policy framework at the OECS. The Governments of the
OECS remain appreciative of the Government of Canada for these supports and
look forward to continued development cooperation in the future.
4.343. The OECS members are also beneficiaries of the unilateral CARIBCAN
initiative and we wish to thank Canada for the recent application for a new WTO
waiver in the CTG which we hope will be approved at the next meeting of the
CTG.
5.1. Mes collègues et moi souhaitons
remercier toutes les délégations présentes aujourd'hui pour la journée de
clôture du dixième Examen des politiques commerciales du Canada par l'OMC.
5.2. As I mentioned in my opening statement at the start of our review,
Canada considers the TPR process to be a key pillar of the WTO system. The
statements from the 40 Members who intervened on Monday, and the well over 600
written questions we have now received are a valuable opportunity for the
Canadian delegation to hear directly from each Member your perspective on our
trade policies. After we return to Ottawa we will continue to reflect on your
suggestions on how to make the Canadian economy even more open and competitive.
5.3. Let me say at the outset today how pleased the Canadian delegation
was to hear such support for Canada's trade and economic framework. Members
overwhelmingly noted Canada's strong economic performance following the global
economic crisis, the success of our annual "Economic Action Plan",
Canada's achievements with respect to balancing the budget and creating jobs,
and our solid record of economic growth. Many Members welcomed Canada's
commitment to our Global Markets Action Plan, and its focus on leveraging trade
and investment as drivers of growth and jobs, including through the
implementation of free trade agreements and foreign investment promotion and
protection agreements.
5.4. With respect to Canada's participation in the multilateral trading
system, we heard welcome support for Canada's longstanding efforts to help
conclude the Doha Development Agenda, our active participation in a range of
plurilateral negotiations, and our work to implement the new Trade Facilitation
Agreement – the Parliamentary review of which is scheduled to conclude in
Ottawa tomorrow, setting the stage for Canada to move forward on the
legislative changes necessary to ratify the Agreement. On Monday, Members also
welcomed our ongoing contributions regarding aid for trade - including for
trade facilitation, as well as Canada's implementation of duty-free, quota-free
market access for least developed countries, and our measures to implement the
services waiver for LDCs.
5.5. Of course, both in Members' written questions and in our discussions
on Monday, we also heard some concerns and criticism of certain Canadian
policies. Canada has already provided written responses to all the questions
posed by Members before the 18 May deadline, and the Secretariat circulated
yesterday our responses to more than 140 additional questions posed after the
deadline. Moreover, the Canadian delegation is committed to answering all the
remaining written questions in the coming weeks. So every Member that raised a
particular issue with Canada in writing will have a written response.
5.6. In that light, in the time remaining in the meeting today I will
turn briefly to some of the main areas where Members expressed concerns.
5.7. First, several Members raised issues regarding some of Canada's
agricultural policies. Canada reminds Members that, as stated in the
Secretariat report, Canada was the sixth-largest importer of agricultural
products in 2012, accounting for 2.7% of the total value of world imports.
Clearly, the Canadian market for agricultural products is very welcoming of
imports, and restrictions are minimal.
5.8. The supply management system is a fundamental component of Canada's
agricultural industry and has served Canada well for many years. It is the
national system that dairy, poultry and egg producers have chosen for
themselves.
5.9. Canada's practices are fully compliant with its WTO commitments. Our
country welcomes stable and predictable levels of imports, provided under
tariff rate quotas, in order to manage domestic production to meet market
demands.
5.10. In response to questions regarding Canada's use of agricultural
subsidies, let me be clear that Canada supports the elimination of export
subsidies as part of a balanced outcome in the Doha agriculture negotiations.
This effort would need to be reflective of the overall level of ambition in all
three negotiating pillars: domestic support, market access and export
competition. Canada would like to reiterate that it has implemented, and
continues to abide by, its commitments in its Uruguay Round schedule of tariff
concessions.
5.11. We also heard Members' comments with respect to a recent increase in
the use of trade remedies. As recognized in the WTO agreements themselves,
trade remedies investigations are legitimate tools to address situations where
unfair trading practices of foreign firms and governments are causing, or
threatening to cause, injury to domestic industry. The increased number of
Canadian investigations over the 2012-2014 period is not typical of Canada's
general declining trend in anti-dumping investigations. In fact, this increase
is limited to a narrow range of products that may be affected by underlying
issues of global concern, such as global steel production overcapacity. The
OECD has indicated that overcapacity in steel production creates an increased
likelihood of dumping. The OECD also identified Government interventions as a
contributing factor to global excess production capacity. In that light, Canada
reminds Members that the WTO has reported a global increase in anti-dumping
investigations in this sector during the period of review.
5.12. So, Canada is not alone. Canada's responses to Members' written
questions provide more detail on Canadian trade remedies policies and
practices.
5.13. Some Members also asked about Canada's investment regime and the
Investment Canada Act. Recognizing the importance of investment flows into the
country, Canada has a broad framework in place to promote trade and investment,
and ensure that foreign investment benefits Canada. The Investment Canada Act
is an important part of that framework. Since the Act was introduced in 1985,
only one transaction has been formally disallowed under the net benefit review
process. Importantly, investment flows into Canada remain very strong,
totalling US$59.6 billion in 2014. Indeed, the Secretariat report highlights,
as did many Members, that Canada is both a desirable major destination for
foreign direct investment, and a major investor contributing to sustainable
development in countries around the world.
5.14. WTO Members also expressed considerable interest in the marketing of
beer, wines and spirits in Canada. Canada's Provincial and Territorial Liquor
Boards predate the GATT and have been notified to the WTO as state trading
enterprises. The boards operate as businesses whose purchase and sales
decisions are based on commercial considerations. Provincial liquor board
practices have been accepted through various bilateral agreements to which Canada
is a Party. Notably, Canada's demand for imports, in particular imported wine,
is strong and growing. In fact, Canadians consume about 470 million litres of
wine per year, of which only 10% is pure Canadian content. Seventy percent is
imported wine and 20% are international Canadian blends. The federal Government
will continue to work closely with the provinces and territories to ensure
consistency of the practices of provincial liquor boards with our international
trade obligations.
5.15. With respect to intellectual property, we were pleased that many
Members noted the changes Canada has undertaken since the last review to
modernize our intellectual property regime to align with international
practices. As mentioned both in the Secretariat and Government reports, Canada
ratified two WIPO copyright-related treaties in 2014 and is in the process of
acceding to five additional WIPO treaties in relation to trademarks, industrial
designs and patents. Since the last review, Canada also made significant
legislative changes through the Copyright Modernization Act and the Combatting
Counterfeit Products Act. Through these initiatives, the Government is
demonstrating its dedication to strengthening the intellectual property
framework which serves to foster innovation, job creation and economic growth.
5.16. Several Members asked specific questions about the Canadian
intellectual property regime, including: clarification regarding patent
utility; anti-counterfeiting procedural aspects and their application to
products in transit through Canada; and implementation of the Canada-EU
Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) commitments, as well as other
issues. Canada has provided, or will provide, written responses to these
questions.
5.17. Regarding Members' questions around Government programs for
business, Canada, like many countries, maintains certain programs that support
businesses in their efforts to expand and grow. Canada takes great effort to
ensure that these programs are designed and implemented in accordance with the
provision of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, and that
our subsidy notification to the WTO is prepared in accordance with Article 25
of the ASCM. Canada is now in the process of preparing its 2015 subsidies
notification.
5.18. Several Members noted some concern over the intensity of Canada's
trade relationship with the United States. From Canada's point of view, our
close and preferential trading relations with our southern neighbour – the
world's largest economy, and one of the most dynamic - are overwhelmingly
positive for the Canadian economy. Especially since the coming into force of
the Canada-US FTA in 1989, followed by the North American Free Trade Agreement
in 1994, the great majority of our two-way trade is unhindered by barriers.
Indeed, preferential trade rules for intra‑North American trade have
intensified regional value chains to the extent that we don't just trade with
the United States any more, we "make things together". In fact, a key
Canadian trade policy objective is to negotiate modern, preferential FTAs with
our other major trading partners to allow Canadian businesses to similarly
strengthen the productivity of value chain linkages with dynamic economies
beyond North America.
5.19. Moreover, we encourage Members to keep in mind that, in light of
highly integrated North American transportation networks and supply chains,
there is likely some reporting of Canadian exports to the United States that
are in fact destined for other international markets. In addition, it is an unfortunate
reality that growth has been below trend in many regions of the world in the
period under review. As the economies of other Members continue to recover, we
have every confidence that competitive Canadian goods and services exports will
grow to other markets as well.
5.20. Finally, Ambassador Winzap and others noted what may appear to be a
relatively limited share of services in Canada's export mix, relative to the
importance of services to the Canadian economy. To put this into context, it is
important to take into account that Canada maintains a liberal services regime
to ensure a competitive services market. WTO and other studies remind us that
the value-added contributed by services along the value chain is often not
captured in merchandise export statistics. Nonetheless, Canada is actively
seeking to improve conditions for trade in services by pursuing liberalization,
transparency and predictability in services markets through regional, bilateral
and plurilateral initiatives, including the Trade in Services Agreement. Canada
is also seeking a credible outcome for services in the WTO's post-Bali work
plan. Improved coverage of GATS commitments, complemented by clear and specific
disciplines on domestic regulation, would make an important multilateral contribution
to world trade in services.
5.21. Monsieur le Président, je reconnais
que plusieurs autres questions spécifiques ont été soulevées par les Membres
lundi. Je vous assure que le Canada a soit déjà répondu par écrit à ces
questions, ou le fera au cours des jours et des semaines qui viennent.
5.22. En conclusion, je voudrais remercier
encore une fois:
·
Tous les Membres pour leurs questions;
·
Vous, Monsieur le Président, pour l'efficience de votre conduite de cet
examen;
·
L'Ambassadeur Winzap pour ses points de vue très réfléchis sur les
politiques commerciales du Canada; et, bien entendu,
·
l'équipe du Secrétariat de l'OMC, pour son excellent travail qui a
permis de réaliser un examen constructif de nos politiques commerciales.
DISCUSSANT
5.23. I would like to thank Director General Cameron MacKay and his
delegation for the hard work put into this TPR and for providing high quality
answers to the many questions of Members – I understand that you have received
some additional questions for which you will provide answers in the coming
weeks.
5.24. Your open and constructive approach throughout this exercise has
allowed Members to learn and benefit from Canada's experiences. The additional
information provided in your statement right now has helped to further clarify
some of the issues raised during the first day of this review.
5.25. In general terms, Members noted Canada's strong economic performance
in recent years and underlined their appreciation for Canada's engagement in
the WTO, its valuable contributions to the work of the regular committees, the
timeliness of its notifications and the very constructive work in the DDA
negotiations. In particular, several Members have commended Canada for having
been the first to present its concrete measures to implement the services
waiver for LDCs. Furthermore, Members are looking forward to the timely
ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement ahead of the tenth WTO
Ministerial.
5.26. Many Members noted favourably the engagement of Canada in the
negotiations on the extension of the Information Technology Agreement (ITA), on
an Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) as well as on the Trade in Services
Agreement (TiSA).
5.27. Of great interest to Members were also Canada's Preferential Trade
Agreements, and in particular the Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade
Agreement, as well as the Trans Pacific Partnership negotiations. At the next,
the eleventh TPR of Canada in 2019, Members will for sure be keen to learn more
on the impact of these agreements on Canada's trade and to what extent they
have contributed, together with the Global Markets Action Plan, to broaden
Canada's export product base and to diversify its export markets.
5.28. While the general tone of the interventions on Monday has been very
positive in respect of Canada's economic performance and trade policy, Members
have also expressed some concerns. Without being exhaustive, I would like to
flag some of them: many Members commented on agriculture with a focus on the
dairy sector and the supply management in this area, other Members questioned the
access of beef and veal meat under the existing import quotas. Members also
noted that a very low level of tariffs on industrial goods – even if peaks are
maintained on some sensitive industrial products like clothing and footwear –
is not matched by a similar openness on all sub-sectors on the agricultural
side. I also heard concerns in regard of differing tax and distribution
provisions in provinces, tending to favour domestic over imported alcoholic
beverages. Several Members noted the increase in numbers of contingency
measures with a high concentration on steel and other metal products. In this
context, Canada was also asked to critically examine the need for continued
action, once such measures have been introduced. Further queries concerned new
legislation and regulations on intellectual property rights and how certain
provisions were being implemented and enforced.
5.29. In summary, Canada has been rightly praised for much of its trade
policy. Nonetheless, a number of concerns have also been raised. I hope that
Canada will consider and possibly act upon those issues. It would certainly be
very much appreciated if, by the eleventh TPR in 2019, Canada could elaborate
on its response to apprehensions raised by Members in this TPR and, in
particular, demonstrate that the necessary steps will have been taken to assure
full compliance with national treatment obligations.
5.30. I would like to end with a more general reflection on the
multilateral trading system. On the one hand, we have heard during this TPR
Members' unanimous recognition of the positive role that Canada plays in the
WTO, and for the multilateral trading system. On the other hand, we have heard
you, Director General, on the first day of the TPR saying that Canada is
pursuing the most ambitious trade agenda in Canada's history and cannot solely
rely on the multilateral trade talks. This sounds to me as a call by you,
Director General, on all of us who want a strong multilateral trading system to
keep the negotiation function of the WTO alive, by keeping it relevant and by
providing meaningful results. I heard you also say on Monday, and I quote:
"WTO Members can count on Canada to support a pragmatic and successful
outcome at the tenth Ministerial Conference in Nairobi this December. We agree
with the many Members who have warned that a failure to succeed in Nairobi will
have dire consequences for the WTO's reputation as a forum to negotiate modern
global trade rules." For sure, Members appreciate Canada's engagement in
view of MC10, and personally, I very much agree with you, that we Members have
to seize the opportunity offered by Nairobi.
5.31. Pour conclure cette session,
j'aimerais remercier le Canada de m'avoir choisi comme présentateur. Monsieur
le Directeur général, je suis convaincu que le Canada est bien armé pour
relever les défis qui se présenteront ces prochaines années. Une période qui
commencera avec une première échéance décisive: Les élections de cet automne.
UNITED STATES
5.32. I would like to thank the
Canadian delegation for its constructive participation in this process, in
particular the written responses to our written questions. In that regard, the
United States has a single follow-up question which is rather technical so
better answered in writing.
5.33. As well, I would like to thank
Director General Mackay for his comments this morning which, I think, were very
responsive to many of the concerns raised.
JAPAN
5.34. At the outset, let me thank the Canadian delegation for providing us
with informative oral explanations regarding our concerns. We also would like
to express our appreciation for the helpful comments from the discussant.
5.35. Japan read the answers provided by Canada to our advance written
questions carefully, and submitted a follow-up question in written form before
this meeting. The question refers to the export restriction on the energy
sector as we mentioned on the first day of this TPR. We are looking forward to
receiving Canada's written answer in due course.
5.36. Finally, Japan is willing to work closely with Canada, together with
other Members, for our forthcoming discussions in the WTO, sharing the common
objectives of maintaining and strengthening the multilateral trading system.
5.37. We wish Canada a successful and fruitful TPR.
EUROPEAN UNION
5.38. The EU would just like to thank Canada for its comprehensive replies
to our advance questions and thank Director General MacKay for additional
information this morning. We don't have any follow-up questions to pose.
5.39. We would just like to thank Canada for its constructive
participation in this exercise.
6.1. The tenth Trade Policy Review of Canada has offered us an important
opportunity to have a better understanding about the developments of the
economic, trade, and investment policies of Canada since its last Review in
2011, and the challenges that Canada faces. Our discussion has benefitted from
the active participation of the Canadian delegation, headed by Mr. Cameron
MacKay, Director General, Trade Negotiations, Department of Foreign Affairs,
Trade and Development, and by the insightful comments from the Discussant, the
Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the WTO, H.E. Ambassador Remigi
Winzap. Canada's timely response to more than 600 advanced written questions
has been greatly appreciated by Members, and we look forward to answers to any
outstanding questions no later than one month after this meeting.
6.2. Canada was commended for its overall open and transparent trade and
investment policies, with few obstacles for its trading partners. Canada was
praised for maintaining a robust and resilient economy in the aftermath of the
global financial crisis. Its timely macroeconomic interventions allowed it to
weather the financial crisis and maintain an average GDP growth rate of 2.4%
during the review period. It was noted that during this period Canada's
merchandise imports and exports continued to grow at a modest pace. Trade
remained a significant factor contributing to Canada's GDP growth during the
period. While Canada remained an important recipient and provider of foreign direct
investment, Canada's inward FDI grew less than foreign direct investment abroad
during the period under review.
6.3. Canada has been active in many trade policy areas and at many
levels, as guided by its Global Markets Action Plan (GMAP). It was noted that Canada
had pursued an ambitious free trade agreement agenda with five FTAs concluded
since the last review, one not yet in force, and another ten in the pipeline.
At the same time, it was pursuing plurilateral and regional initiatives both
inside and outside the WTO on ITA, TiSA, Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA),
and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Furthermore, Canada maintained a
strong commitment to the multilateral trading system, in particular the Doha
Development Agenda and the post-Bali process. Members acknowledged Canada's
leadership role in the WTO in both the regular work and in the negotiation
process. Many developing countries, LDCs, and small and vulnerable economies
were in particular grateful for Canada's support in terms of Aid-for-Trade,
S&D treatment, preferences, financial aid and assistance, and the LDC
services waiver.
6.4. Members welcomed Canada's autonomous tariff liberalization and
tariff simplification efforts, which would contribute to further increasing the
competitiveness of the manufacturing sector and to lowering prices for
consumers. Canada was also commended for its leadership and support during the
trade facilitation negotiations and its commitment to accept and implement the
TFA expeditiously. A number of trade facilitating measures had also been
undertaken autonomously during the review period and Members welcomed the
programmes aimed at reducing the time and procedures for customs clearance.
Another improvement was the commitment undertaken by Canada during the GPA
negotiations that had extended procurement opportunities to the provinces and
territories, including several crown corporations.
6.5. While there were many positive developments during the review
period, it was important to note a number of areas where Members thought
improvement was possible. Canada remained vulnerable with respect to its
exports as it relied heavily on one market, the United States, and a narrow
product base, predominantly energy and mineral products. Despite efforts to
diversify trade, both imports and exports had further concentrated with respect
to trade with the United States during the review period. The slowdown of FDI
was also noted in spite of a number of incentives; in this context, Members
wondered if Canada would revise its main investment law or remove long-standing
barriers in some sectors in order to reverse this trend. Services trade
remained relatively small despite the large size of the domestic services
market and Members inquired if Canada had plans to deregulate or encourage some
services trade. Also, due to Canada's unique system of government, the
competences of the provinces, territories, and local levels of government
presented a challenge to Canada's trade policy and commitments in the
multilateral trading system. Thus, Members inquired if there were plans to
revise Canada's agreement governing internal trade (AIT) or otherwise put in
place mechanisms to ensure compliance with its international obligations.
6.6. Several Members questioned various aspects of Canada's alcoholic
beverage distribution and tax regime, and expressed concerns over compliance
with WTO national treatment provisions. Members also noted that Canada had
stepped up its use of trade remedies over the review period, and Canada was
encouraged to resort to these types of measures with restraint. The continued
use of export restrictions in certain sectors was also noted. Furthermore, a
large number of targeted programmes provide support and incentives to Canadian
businesses. With respect to intellectual property, questions were raised
concerning pharmaceutical patent approvals and regulations on pirated and
counterfeited goods.
6.7. While praising Canada for its unilateral tariff liberalization in
the industrial sector, Members voiced concerns with regards to the protection
in some other sectors. In particular, they noted that Canada's agricultural
sector remains highly protected through various means: high tariffs; high
subsidies and domestic support; supply management channels, in particular for
dairy and poultry products. Clothing, apparel and footwear are also still
subject to high tariffs. Members urged Canada to step up its liberalization
efforts in these areas.
6.8. On services, Members referred to the strength of the banking sector
and its commercial presence abroad, strategies to encourage tourism, and the
movement of temporary workers. Several Members welcomed the accessibility to
higher education services for foreign students in Canada.
6.9. Members congratulated Canada for its economic resilience and its
general resistance to impose protectionist measures since its last review. The
tenth Review of Canada's trade policies was successfully concluded to the
benefit of all the Membership. The large number of advance written questions
submitted before the meeting and the nearly 40 delegations that took the floor
during our two days of discussions highlight the importance Members attached to
Canada's trade and related policies and its role in the multilateral trading
system.
6.10. In closing, I would like to thank Director General MacKay and the
rest of the Canadian delegation, all the other delegations, the Discussant and
the Secretariat for the very positive and active contribution to the tenth
Trade Policy Review of Canada.
__________
[1] Después de Estados Unidos y Unión Europea.
[2] Después de Estados Unidos, China, Japón,
Corea y Alemania.